Islom karimov nomidagi

Aviation Transport System Structure

Under the aviation transport system understand the totality of the elements that interact during the flight process and are connected functionally. The aviation transport system (ATS) is a part of the transport system of Uzbekistan and is designed to carry passengers, cargo, mail and perform air operations by air. ATS is a complex system, the main purpose of which is achieved as a result of special forms of interaction between a person and equipment and people among themselves. The aviation transport system includes many elements that form the five main subsystems-complexes:

• industrial complex (I) is designed to create aircraft. His task also includes the development of regulatory documents for its operation;

• a complex of training specialists (S) is used to select and educate people in accordance with the characteristics of the tasks and conditions of automatic telephone exchanges;

• control and measuring complex (M) solves the problem of determining the parameters characterizing the process of functioning of the exchange;

• the control complex (C) carries out a targeted impact on the main elements of the system in accordance with the data of the control and measuring complex to achieve the specified parameters of the operation of the exchange;

• the production (transport) complex (T) performs the tasks of the direct operation of aviation equipment to achieve specified production indicators. The production complex is the environment in which all the opportunities and disadvantages inherent in the design and creation are realized. The production complex includes four main subsystems (Fig. 9).

When considering the production complex, special attention is paid to the environment. The natural environment and the environment should be highlighted as part of the aviation infrastructure. Weather, topography, natural phenomena must be considered as elements of the natural environment. Their manifestation in such forms as temperature, wind, rain, snow, lightning, mountains, etc. does not depend on the properties of the system, but is the conditions for its functioning. In turn, the aviation infrastructure includes that part of the environment that is monitored or transformed for the purpose of flying.

The central place in the ATS from the point of view of flight safety and the implementation of the main task of civil aviation is occupied by the “crew - aircraft” subsystem. Its key place is due to the fact that the final result of the activities of civil aviation units is considered in terms of the success of this subsystem. Naturally, flight safety depends on the quality of activity of all links of the ATS, however, the quality of the organization of production management, flight operations in ATM, and environmental factors influence the level of flight safety indirectly, through the functioning of the “crew - aircraft” subsystem. Thus, the subsystem “crew - aircraft” reflects the shortcomings in the operation of all elements of the ATS, including its own shortcomings. Since the crew directly controls the flight of the aircraft, the whole burden of the special situation created for various reasons falls on him. The outcome of the flight in this case in the vast majority of cases depends on the actions of the aircraft crew. In this regard, great difficulties arise in identifying the true causes of adverse events, since they can be caused by all subsystems of the aviation transport system, and are manifested only in the activities of the crew – aircraft subsystem. In a continuous relationship with the subsystem "crew - aircraft" is the subsystem "ATM". It receives information about the state of the crew – aircraft subsystem in airspace, processes and transmits on board the data necessary for performing the flight in the form of orders or recommendations. When solving many tasks of the subsystems “crew - aircraft” and “ATM” it is advisable to consider as a single system “crew - aircraft - dispatcher". Piloting and air traffic control is an interconnected process in the implementation of which a number of accidents occur in the presence of a complex presence of factors reflecting shortcomings in one and the other subsystems. In accordance with the legislative regulatory documents governing the use of airspace and civil aviation, the flight of each aircraft is carried out only if there is permission to fly according to the flight plan approved by the air traffic control authorities. Aircraft flight safety cannot be achieved unless it is preceded by special training for departure, landing, alternate aerodromes, a high level of high-quality aeronautical, radio lighting equipment, etc. All these tasks are solved by the flight support subsystem. In contrast to ATM, the flight support service has such a connection only at certain stages throughout the flight. The nature of the interaction of the crew – aircraft subsystem with the external environment largely determines its level of uncertainty. When developing an aviation transport system, it takes into account the acceptable values ​​of external influences on the aircraft, which are called the expected operating conditions.

Expected operating conditions are a set of conditions recognized as permissible for the flight operation of an aircraft of this type.

Expected conditions include the following options.

1. The intensity of operation, the frequency and quality of maintenance, the life of the aircraft and its functional systems.

2. The parameters of the state of the environment:

• pressure;

• density;

• temperature;

• air humidity.

3. Parameters of active influences:

• horizontal and vertical gusts of air and their gradients;

• jet currents;

• electrical effects;

• icing;

• hail, etc.

4. Minimum weather on takeoff and landing.

5. Flight parameters (mode):

• height;

• vertical and horizontal flight speeds;

• overload;

• angles of attack;

• slip;

• roll.

6. Permissible weight and centering of the aircraft.

7. Possible configurations of the geometric shapes of the aircraft, corresponding to the various stages of flight:

• take-off;

• climb;

• cruising flight;

• decrease;

• emergency decline;

• landing approach;

• landing.

8. Permissible engine operation modes.

9. The status of the runway.

The specificity of automatic telephone exchanges as a complex ergatic system lies in the fact that the qualitative side of its uncertainty is manifested in the possibility of the appearance of such system reactions in which the physical state of the crew – aircraft subsystem changes so much that it poses a threat to human life and health. This reaction of the system is called danger.

  In the aviation transport system, a hazard can be defined as an event, action or circumstance, the presence or absence of which leads to a threat to the life and health of people in the process of flying.

The aviation transport system operates in two major areas: passenger and non-passenger transportation. The two most important areas of passenger traffic are scheduled and non-scheduled flights. The same applies to the transport of goods. Non-scheduled flights are also divided into a number of areas: special-purpose aviation, training flights, etc. The difference between the target and operational conditions leads to different levels of uncertainty in the ATS subsystems, thereby causing a different degree of danger in them. In addition, the production complex consists of airlines, which differ in the specifics of the activity, which also affects their level of uncertainty and, accordingly, affects the degree of danger.

The aviation transport system is characterized by indicators of the quality of its functioning. The main indicators of the quality of ATS functioning include:

• planned;

• reliability;

• security;

• regular flights;

• economic.

All groups of indicators are closely interconnected and interdependent on each other. Each of the indicators is used to describe one of the aspects of the functioning of the aviation transport system. When studying flight safety, the main indicators of automatic telephone exchange are indicators of reliability and safety of flights.