5.1
Digital Baseband Signals and Hierarchies
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length encoding replaces a string of identical characters with a short sequence that
represents the string.
That brings us to the more interesting topic of lossy compression, which, as
the name implies, does not precisely reproduce the input information. Why would
anyone accept lossy compression for a commercial service, satellite or otherwise?
Well, it turns out that every means of communication is lossy, and we are all
accustomed to ‘‘filling in’’ missing details. Our brains are very good at doing that,
which explains why we believe that the typical magazine color image looks like a
photograph. However, if one looks closely, the actual image is not at all of photo-
graphic quality. Even greater loss of quality can be seen in newspaper printed
pictures, especially ones in color. The same principle applies to sound. We certainly
can enjoy a conversation over the telephone or a music broadcast on AM radio.
Both of these limit the bandwidth of the information to something substantially
less than what the source generates and what the average human is capable of
hearing.
Lossy compression is used in perhaps its most effective manner in the typical
JPEG image file (type .JPG) in wide use over the Internet. Images that were com-
pressed with JPEG by a factor of, say, 40 are definitely not perfect but nevertheless
provide utility and even enjoyment. Of course, JPEG includes the option of lossless
compression, but that would not be as effective in reducing the quantity of data
in the compressed image.
Compression of motion pictures combines the properties of lossless and lossy
compression and must deal with images, motion, and sound all at the same time.
As discussed in our previous work [2], the MPEG gave users and service providers
a workable approach to information compression and integration. The amount of
compression typically is adjusted to the type of image and the needs of the user.
With more and more compression, the picture quality can look choppy, particularly
when there is rapid motion. In video teleconferencing applications, compression
down to 384 kbps usually is acceptable. However, standard definition TV is more
demanding, and reduction to about 1.5 Mbps is considered acceptable using cur-
rently available processing algorithms. That was not always the case; in the first
edition of this book, we indicated that the industry standard for digitized commer-
cial TV was at least 45 Mbps. Colors can be reproduced with excellent quality no
matter how much compression is used, simply because hue information occupies
very little bandwidth to start with. Advances in the compression of full-motion
video are anticipated as faster digital processors and more sophisticated algorithms
are developed.
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