5.3
Multiple Access Methods
The basic concept of multiple access is to permit Earth stations to transmit to the
same satellite without interfering with one another. RF carriers can be maintained
separate in frequency, time, or code, as indicated in Figure 5.17 by three perpendicu-
lar axes. Hence, the use of FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA, which are discussed in
the following sections.
Figure 5.17
Generic multiple access methods using the three dimensions of frequency, time, and
code.
5.3
Multiple Access Methods
173
5.3.1
Frequency Division Multiple Access
The FDMA technique is traditional in radio communications, since it relies on
frequency separation between carriers. All that is required is that the Earth stations
transmit their traffic on different microwave frequencies and that the modulation
not cause the carrier bandwidths to overlap. Three such independent transmissions
are indicated at the left of Figure 5.17 by long rectangles extending along the same
‘‘time’’ dimension but on different frequencies (indicated by different shading). A
constraint in FDMA is that the sum of the bandwidths of the individual carriers
cannot exceed the satellite’s available bandwidth. Consequently, all three carriers
in the uplink pass cleanly through the satellite repeater and are radiated toward
the area of coverage on the ground.
The principle behind FDMA is that each Earth station or user terminal is
assigned a separate frequency on which to transmit. That assignment can be fixed
for time (permanently assigned), possibly changeable only by a manual command
at either the uplink and the downlink or from a central control point. Alternatively,
the assignment of the frequency can be dynamic (demand assigned, or demand
assignment multiple access, DAMA), responding to user requests for service. Perma-
nently assigned FDMA channels are useful for dedicated bandwidth services, which
also are known as leased lines. Demand assigned channels are suitable for circuit-
switched services, notably for telephony. Special signaling channels, also provided
on an FDMA basis, are added to allow stations to request connections and to alert
stations to incoming calls. In either case, the bandwidth of the channel must match
the information bandwidth of the signal and allow for some guardband to prevent
adjacent channel interference. The guardband may be as small as 5% or 10% of
the channel signal (occupied) bandwidth, to allow for proper channel filtering and
frequency errors.
An example of FDMA for a transponder with several carriers is presented in
Figure 5.18. Each carrier is transmitted by a single Earth station, and thus there
are a total of four such stations involved in this FDMA network. Indicated are the
station location, frequency, and satellite EIRP. There are also smaller FDMA
carriers used for narrowband data. This is a real spectrum representation for a
C-band transponder used for distance learning, where each carrier and associated
Earth station originates two classes at the same time. The lumps at the bottom are
intermodulation distortion (IMD) produced by the active carriers in the transpon-
der, which is being operated within 3 dB of multicarrier saturation.
The overall efficiency of FDMA is affected by intermodulation distortion (IMD),
which results from multiple carriers in a common nonlinear amplifier like a TWTA
or an SSPA. Figure 5.19 provides an example of how C/N varies, depending on
the total input power of a common spacecraft TWT power amplifier. The X-axis
displays the TWT input power with respect to saturation. The Y-axis represents
carrier to noise ratio, broken down into uplink, downlink, combined uplink and
downlink, intermodulation, and total link C/N. We see that there is an optimum
operating point in terms of TWT input, for which the total C/N is maximized. As
discussed at the end of this chapter, that type of analysis requires knowledge of
the particular signal characteristics and a detailed link budget.
Over the years, FDMA became viewed as antiquated compared to TDMA
and CDMA. However, the fact that FDMA carriers can be transmitted without
174
Modulation, Multiple Access, and Impairments
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