5.1
Digital Baseband Signals and Hierarchies
161
word block of 188 B, corresponding to MPEG 2 format, and a code block size of
204 B. Hence, R-S of this type is designated (204, 188).
The convolutional class of FEC codes is also heavily applied to satellites and
other wireless media. In convolutional coding, the input bits are not grouped in
blocks but rather are run through a computation device that, in turn, outputs
another stream of bits at an elevated bit rate. The increase in data rate is again
related to the ratio of
n
/
k
<
1, causing the bandwidth on the link to be increased
by the inverse ratio. An example of the type of computational device is a tapped
shift register such as that shown in Figure 5.4. An important design parameter in
convolution coding is the constraint length, which is the quantity of input bits that
influence the encoder output of a single bit. Turbo codes are another category that
can be very effective over power-limited satellite links. A popular form is referred
to as the turbo product code (TPC).
For data communications, a typical objective is one bit error per 100 million
bits transmitted, expressed as 10
−
8
. The channel efficiency of error-correcting codecs
(often included in the high-speed modem in the Earth station) is specified by the
coding rate (
R
), which is equal to the ratio of information bits to coded bits on
the channel, or simply
k
/
n
. As shown in Figure 5.5,
R
determines how much the
error rate on the channel is improved (reduced). For example, a rate
R
=
1/4
convolutional codec can reduce the error rate on a typical satellite link by three
orders of magnitude (e.g., from 10
−
2
to 10
−
5
), which is equivalent to a 2-dB to
3-dB reduction in the demodulator threshold for a constant error rate. Evaluating
FEC performance involves trading off the threshold (power) reduction against the
increased bit rate (bandwidth) imposed by the code. Even greater benefit was
obtained by applying RS and convolutional coding in the same link (concatenated
coding). The only penalties with using that type of coding are the increase in
bandwidth on the RF channel (because the data rate on the satellite is increased
by a factor equal to the inverse of the coding rate) and the complexity and cost
of including a codec in the RF modem. Two other block codes, BCH and low-
density parity check (LDPC), are gaining favor. The performance of many FECs
can be improved by the technique of interleaving where bits are shuffled according
to a known pattern to reduce data loss from burst errors.
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