An Introduction to Romance-Germanic Philology
I.V.Panferova, PhD
2020
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SOCIOLINGUISTIC TYPOLOGY OF THE ROMANCE-GERMANIC LANGUAGES
Classification of languages can be considered as the distribution of the languages of the
world during their comparative study according to certain taxonomic headings in accordance
with the principles arising from the general purpose of the study and on the basis of certain
characteristics. There are 4 main types of language classification: genealogical, areal,
typological, sociolinguistic.
The genealogical classification of languages is based on the concept of linguistic affinity;
it deals with comparative historical linguistics. Areal classification takes into account the
features associated with language contacts, relationships between languages (areal linguistics) or
dialects (linguistic geography). Typological classification of languages is based on similarities
(formal or semantic), which cannot be explained by genealogical or areal reasons, but due to the
unity of human nature and human language. The typological classification of languages is
studied by linguistic typology and linguistics of universals.
Sociolinguistic classification of languages is based on determining the volume and
structure of communication in a particular language. It is based on:
1) the number of people speaking this language;
2) the number of ethnic groups speaking this language;
3) the number of countries where it is used;
4) the composition of social functions and social spheres in which the language is used
(in each country).
The legal status of the language in the state, the degree of its normalization, the presence
of a literary language and its written traditions are also taken into account. On the basis of these
parameters, the so-called communicative ranks of languages are distinguished, in particular:
1) world languages – they are used for interethnic and interstate communication, have the
status of the official and working languages of the UN (English, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese,
Russian, French);
2) international languages – they are used for interethnic and interstate communication,
but do not have the UN status (for example, Indonesian for the countries of the Malay
archipelago);
3) national languages – they have the legal status of the state or official language or
actually perform the functions of the main language of interethnic communication in a
multilingual society (for example, Hindi or Urdu in India);
4) regional languages – languages of interethnic communication, as a rule, written, but
not having the status of an official language (for example, Zhuang in China);
5) local languages – unwritten languages that are used in oral unofficial communication
within ethnic groups in multiethnic societies.
Let's characterize the Germanic languages in more detail on the basis of the above
parameters. The number of speakers in the Germanic languages varies greatly. Iceland and the
Faroe Islands are indicative in this respect. In Iceland, with its 267,000 population, there are all
stages of education up to the university (although the number of specialties is limited), rich
periodicals are published, several hundred book titles are published a year, television is working,
etc. The situation in the Faroe Islands is different; whose population is only 45 thousand people.
Although there are several newspapers published there that publish materials only in the Faroese
language, and about a hundred book titles are published per year, the Faroese (at least educated)
read more Danish (Danish is studied from the 3rd grade, and practically all Faroese are
bilingual). In the senior grades of the school, Danish textbooks are used, entertainment literature
is written in Danish, 60-70 students study at the Scientific Center (at the university), etc. One of