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Index
◾
439
simple changeover two-way contacts, 34
three-phase monitoring relays, 69
timers, 64
Spring flexible rod, limit switch, 51f
SPST contact, 34, 35f, 44, 56, 82, 108, 143
Stacking machine, of light objects, 394–395, 395f
Star-delta automation, PLC programming in, 330–332,
331f, 332f
Star-delta (Y-
∆
) start, motor with, 96, 97f
Starting delay, machine operation and, 84–86
Star topology, industrial networks of PLCs, 357–358,
358f
START-STOP automation circuit, conventional, 198,
198f, 302, 303f, 311, 311f, 325
START/STOP operation of motor, 122–124
State diagrams, 121–145
classical, 121–124
components’ state diagram method, 135–137
design methodology, 121
discrete successive signal, step-by-step transition due
to, 128–133
examples, 122–128, 129–133, 133–135, 138–142,
143–145
minimum realizations and, 137–142
with sensors, 124–128
examples, 124–128
pushbuttons and sensor, machine operation by,
124–126
three-speed machine automation, 126–128
sequential automation systems, 142–145
with time relays, 133–135
Stator, defined, 20
Step motor driving, through a PLC, 393–394, 394f
Stepper motor control modules, PLC, 223–224, 224f
Stepper motors, 22, 23
ST language, see Structured Text (ST) language
Stopping delay, machine operation with, 87
Structural programming, PLC, 278–281, 279f, 280f
program organization units (POUs)
automation program with multiple, 280–281,
280f
FUNCTION, 278–279
FUNCTION BLOCKS (FB), 279
PROGRAMS, 279
using, 323–327, 324f, 326f–327f
Structured Text (ST) language, 275–276
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
subsystems, 14, 16, 17f
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
systems, 368–369, 370f
Swimming pool control, PLC programming in,
342–343, 342f
Switches
defined, 37, 38
flow, 57–59
paddle-type liquid, 57, 58f
thermal dispersion, 57–58
level, 52–57
electronic, for conductive liquids, 52–53
float, 56
optical, 57
radar-type, 55
ultrasonic, 54–55
limit, 50–52
photoelectric, 47–50
dark-on and light-on operation of, 49, 50t
defined, 47
diffuse-reflective, 49
exterior view, 47f
retro-reflective, 48–49
through-beam, 47–48
types, 47
proximity, 40–47
advantages, 40
applications, 46–47
basic exterior forms, 42f
capacitive, 42, 43
detection/sensing distance, 40
electric connection, 43–44
inductive, 42
magnetic, 40, 44–45, 46f
magnetoresistive, 45–46
object placement distance, 41
operating frequency, 41
operating principles, 40
parameters, 40–42
power supply, 41
residual current, 41
response time, 41
target size and metallic environment, effects of,
44, 45f
types, 40, 42
temperature and pressure, 59–64
bimetal, 59–60
overview, 59
pressure sensing elements for motion production, 62f
RTD, 60, 61–62
semiconductor sensor, 62
thermocouples, 60
timer, 64–69
Switching relay contacts, 205
Synthesis, industrial automation, 79–113
applications, 107–113
machine operation control from multiple
positions, 107, 108f
operation control of power transformer, 108–109,
110f
operation of two pumps with cyclic alteration,
based on low-high demand, 109, 111
three air compressors with predefined
combinations, 112, 113f
automation circuits, principles in designing, 79–82
“command,” principle of, 81–82
latch principle, 79–81
440
◾
Index
design regulations, automation circuit, 102–105
electrical and mechanical latch, 91–94
motor operation with power supply from two
different networks, 94
overview, 91–93
sequential start—latch of machines (chain latch),
93, 94f
examples, 82–91
automatic/manual control, 88–89
common automatic command/separate manual
commands, 90
common manual command/separate automatic
commands, 89–90
control panel for operating n machines, 91
motor operation with thermal overload
protection, 82–83
operation and fault indication, 83–84
periodic operation of machine with two time
constants, 88
starting delay, machine operation with, 84–86
stopping delay, machine operation with, 87
two/more points, machine operation, 90–91
implementation, of automation circuit, 105–106
motors, automation circuits for, 95–97
inversion in rotation, 95, 96f
star-delta (Y-
∆
) start, 96, 97f
various motor types, 97
sensors, automation circuits with, 98–102
of garage door, 101–102
level control, pump operation based on, 100
machine with canceling ability, 98–100
operation of two pumps according to demand,
100–101
T
Target size, proximity switches, 44, 45f
Temperature control, PLC programming in, 337–338,
337f
Temperature switches, 59–64
bimetal, 59–60
overview, 59
pressure sensing elements for motion production,
62f
RTD, 60, 61–62
semiconductor sensor, 62
thermocouples, 60
Text-based languages, 198
Theorems, Boolean algebra, 120–121
Thermal actuators, 19
Thermal dispersion flow switch, 57–58
Thermal overload protection, motor operation with,
82–83
Thermal overload relays, 38–40
Thermal overload trip, 84
Thermistor, 61
Thermocouples, 60
Thermostat, 59–60
Three-phase monitoring relays, 69–70
Three-shift schedule machine operation, working time
monitoring, 397, 398f
Three-speed machine automation, 126–128
Three terms (PID) control modules, PLC, 224–225;
see also PID control
Through-beam photoelectric switches, 47–48
Time constants, two, periodic operation of machine
with, 88
Time functions, 315–317, 316f
Time relays, state diagrams with, 133–135
Timers, 64–69
cam, 67–69
electronic, 64–65
motorized/electromechanical, 66–67
PLC programming with, 315–323, 316f–322f
comparison of time, 323
conventional automation circuit, 318, 318f
example, 319–320, 320f
OFF-delay timer, 317, 318–319, 319f
ON-delay timer, 317–318, 317f
pulse timer, 317
self-holding ON-delay timer, 317
self-holding pulse timer, 317
time functions, 315–317, 316f
pneumatic, 65–66
Time-step programmers, defined, 67–68
Token passing method, 361–362, 362f
Topology, industrial networks of PLCs
bus topology, 359, 359f
defined, 357
ring topology, 358–359, 358f
star topology, 357–358, 358f
Traffic lights
control of a complex intersection, 391, 391f
cyclic operation of, 381, 382f
Transducers, defined, 37
Triple shield, 251
Tuning technique, PID controller, 375–376
Turbine compressors, 161
Twisted-pair cable, as data transmission media, 362
Two machines, operation
combined operation, 129–130
with common manual command/separate automatic
commands, 89–90
Two-speed movable worktable via lead screw, 146–148
Two time constants, periodic operation of machine
with, 88
Two-wire command, defined, 82
Two-wire connection, of RTD, 61
Tzatziki salad production machine (food industry),
385–387, 386f
operation specifications, 386–387
technical characteristics of the equipment., 385, 386f
Index
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