Introduction to Industrial Automation


K Karnaugh method, 121 Keyboard contacts, 205 L



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Introduction to Industrial Automation by Stamatios Manesis, George

K

Karnaugh method, 121

Keyboard contacts, 205

L

Ladder Diagram (LD) language, 273–274, 302

number of LAD instructions per rung, 296, 296f

ON-delay timer instruction, 317–318, 317f

parallel or serial execution of instructions, 292–294, 

293f–294f, 294t

programming in, 306–308, 307f–308f

Language of logic elements/function block diagram 

(FBD), 198, 198f

Latching relays, 30–31

Latch of machines (chain latch), 93, 94f

Latch principle, 79–81

Lathe, defined, 148

Layout for separating objects, PLC programming in, 

338–339, 338f

LD language, see Ladder Diagram (LD) language

Lead screw, setup, 8

Lead screw moving worktable, 146–148

Lenz’s law, 21

Level control, pump operation based on, 100

Level controllers, 52–53

Level switches, 52–57

capacitive, 53–54

electronic, for conductive liquids, 52–53

float, 56

optical, 57

radar-type, 55

ultrasonic, 54–55

Life expectancy, electrical/mechanical, 27–28

Light emitting diode (LED), 206

Lightning protection

internal, 253

PLC installation and, 252–253, 254f–255f

Light objects

simple robotic station for receiving and stacking, 

395–396, 396f

stacking machine of, 394–395, 395f

Limit switches, 50–52, 205

Liquid(s)

conductive, electronic level switches for, 52–53

flow switches, paddle-type, 57, 58f

Load


defined, 26

monitoring, 70

Load (L) and transfer (T) instructions, PLC 

programming, 290

Local and peripheral I/O system, PLCs, 234–236, 

234f–236f

of industrial production application, 238–239, 

238t


Locked rotor current (LRC), 22–23

Locked rotor torque (LRT), 22

Logical design, of automation circuits, 117–155

applications, 145–155

bidirectional lead screw movable worktable with 

two speeds, 146–148

operation of n machines with pause under specific 

conditions, 151–155

palindromic movement of worktable with 

memory, 148–150

Boolean logic components, 118–121

overview, 117

postulates and theorems of Boolean algebra, 

120–121


state diagrams, 121–145

classical, 121–124

components’ state diagram method, 135–137

design methodology, 121

discrete successive signal, step-by-step transition 

due to, 128–133




Index 



 



433

examples, 122–128, 129–133, 133–135, 

138–142, 143–145

minimum realizations and, 137–142

with sensors, 124–128

sequential automation systems, 142–145

START/STOP operation of motor, 122–124

with time relays, 133–135

Logic coils, 308–310, 309f

M

Machine operation

automatic/manual control, 88–89

control from multiple positions, 107, 108f

control panel for operating n machines, 91

periodic, with two time constants, 88

by pushbuttons and sensor, 124–126

starting delay, 84–86

stopping delay, 87

two machines

common automatic command/separate manual 

commands, 90

common manual command/separate automatic 

commands, 89–90

two/more points, 90–91

Machine(s)

canceling ability, 98–100

integrated, 1

for chocolate production, 5

defined, 1

operations, 4–6

Magnetic coupling, interference and, 248, 249f

Magnetic latching relays, 30–31

Magnetic proximity switches, 40, 44–45, 46f

Magnetoresistive proximity switch, 45–46

Magnet–reed relay float level switch, 56

Main circuits, 10–11

Manual actuation, of valve, 168, 170, 172f

Manually operated control devices, 5f

Master/Slave protocol, 360, 360f

Mathematical operations, PLC programming using, 

327–329, 328f

Mechanical actuation, of valve, 170, 172f

Mechanical latch, 91–94

motor operation with power supply from two 

different networks, 94

overview, 91–93

sequential start—latch of machines (chain latch), 

93, 94f

Mechanical latching relays, 30

Mechanical life expectancy, 27–28

Memory, PLCs, 231–232

EEPROM, 232

EPROM, 231

RAM, 231

ROM, 231


Memory organization, PLC, 227–231, 228f, 230f

Memory units, PLC, 195

Metallic environment affects, proximity switches, 44, 

45f


Metallic objects, chemical cleaning process of, 392–393, 

393f


Metal plate rolling mill machine, 402–403, 403f

Meters, hour, 72–73

Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), 19, 24

Microprocessors, 193; see also Central processing unit 

(CPU), PLC

CPU, PLC, 225–226, 227f

address bus, 226, 226f

components, 226–227, 227f

data bus, 226, 226f

Milk tanks, automated filling of, 389–390

Milling machine tool, 138–142

Minimum realizations, state diagrams and, 137–142

Mixed AND and OR logic, 307, 308f

Modular construction, PLC, 200–202, 201f–202f

digital output module of, 203f

Monitoring

load, 70

network, 70

relays, three-phase, 69–70

Motorized timers, 66–67

Motor(s)

AC, 20–23

automation circuits for, 95–97

inversion in rotation, 95, 96f

star-delta (Y-

) start, 96, 97f



types, 97

DC, 20–23

electric, 20–23

multi-state electric, 4, 4f

operation, with thermal overload protection, 82–83

operation with power supply from two different 

networks, 94

servomotors, 22

START/STOP operation of, 122–124

stepper, 22, 23

types, 3, 4

Movable worktable

bidirectional lead screw, with two speeds, 146–148

with memory, palindromic movement, 148–150

Multi-conveyor assembly station, automation, 136–137

Multi-network communication structure, 365

Multiple bottle packing station, 404–405, 405f

Multiple positions, machine operation control from, 107, 

108f

Multi-state electric motors, 4, 4f



Mutual exclusion, 93, 125

N

National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 

243

Negative numbers, 411–413, 412f




434


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