Introduction to Industrial Automation

Index 

◾

 

435

Pneumatic actuators, 24, 163

Pneumatic automations, defined, 159

Pneumatic compressors, 161

Pneumatic cylinders, calculations, 166–167

piston’s translation, speed of, 167

piston stroke, length of, 167

Pneumatic devices, 163–166

double-acting cylinders, 164–166

single-acting cylinders, 163–164

Pneumatic timers, 65–66

Poles, defined, 34

Position-steps, diagram of, 177–178

Position-time, diagram of, 177, 178f

Postulates, Boolean algebra, 120–121

POUs, see Program organization units (POUs)

Power/auxiliary relays, 211

Power circuits, 10–11, 26

Power factor correction, by manual insertion of 

capacitors, 132–133

Power relays, 27–29

Power supply, 41

Power supply unit, PLC, 199

Power switching devices, 205

Pressing, papermaking process, 1

Pressure switches, 59–64

bimetal, 59–60

overview, 59

pressure sensing elements for motion production, 62f

RTD, 60, 61–62

semiconductor sensor, 62

thermocouples, 60

Pressurized air, 159–163

distribution, 161–163

flow control valves, 167–174

directional valves, 167–168, 169f, 169t, 170f, 171t

electrical actuation of valve, 170, 172–173

manual actuation of valve, 168, 170, 172f

mechanical actuation of valve, 170, 172f

pneumatic actuation of valve, 174

overview, 159–160

production, 160–161

Pretreatment, papermaking process, 1

Primary RLO (P.RLO), 288

in Boolean program, 305–306, 306f

Principles

automatic control, 7

in designing automation circuits, 79–82

“command,” principle of, 81–82

latch principle, 79–81

operation, relays, 25–27

PLCs, 13

proximity switches, 40

thermal overload relay operation, 38

thermocouples, 60

Printed circuit board (PCB)

electronic switch timer, 65f

miniature relays, 86

Process control

automation and, 6–8

hardware components for, see Hardware components

Processing and repairing stations set, modular 

programming for, 390, 391f

Production, pressurized air, 160–161

Profibus network, 368, 369f

Program flow control instructions, PLC programming, 

291–292

Programmable automation controllers (PACs), 14, 

15–18

Programmable logic controllers (PLCs), 8, 9

advantages

adequacy of contacts, 199

easy fault detection, 199–200

modern and working tools, 200

reduced need for space, 199

sasy automation modification, 199

time saving, 199

Allen-Bradley industrial PLC, 203, 204f

analog input/output modules, 216

analog input modules, 216–219, 216f, 217t–219f

analog output modules, 220–222, 220f–222f

analog signals conversion, accuracy in, 219–220

analog I/O values scaling, 419–420, 420f

applications, 199

automated billiard table, 388–389, 389f

automation circuits, 10

background, 193

central processing unit, 225–233, 226f

communication operations, 226

EEPROM, 232

EPROM, 231

I/O operations, 226

I/Os and other internal elements, 232–233, 233f

logical and arithmetic operations, 226

memory organization, 227–231, 228f, 230f

memory types, 231–232

RAM, 231

reading, writing, and special handling operations, 

226

ROM, 231

computer-based industrial control and automation, 

13–18

continuous developments, 199

conventional START-STOP automation circuit, 198, 

198f

cyclic operation, 195–198, 197f

digital device, 14, 64

digital input modules, 202, 204–207

with DC power supply in groups, 207, 209f

electronic circuit, 206–207, 207f

isolated-supply inputs, 207, 208f

non-isolated-supply inputs, 207, 208f

numerical switches, 205–206, 206f

operations, block diagram, 204–205, 205f

technical specifications for, 212–215

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436