Introduction, Lexicology as a science

Ex. daddy, kiddykins, babykins, oldie, blackie.
In Uzbek: дадажон, cингилгинам, =изало=, бытало=, Interjections also express emotion without naming them:
Ahl, Hush!, Hell!, Nonsense!, Pooh;
In Uzbek: вой айланай, эщ.
The derogatory suffixes may form emotionally coloured words.
Ex. bastard — внебрачный weakling-слабое существо
рeбенок hibster-хиппи
drunkard — пьяница
dullard—тупица
In Uzbek: ойимча, ойимтилла, ўргилибгина кетай
It is very interesting that many personal nouns formed by the composition from complete sentences or phrases in most cases are derogatory:
Ex. also-run—нy и скакун, непосредственность
never-say-die — несдающиеся, неприклонный,
stick-in-the mud—отсталый человек, растяпа
die-hard — крайний консерватор, живучий
There are nouns formed by conversion which are used emotionally coloured'
a bare — скучный человек
a washout — пропавший человек
There are some words which indicate the special impor­tance of the thing expressed. They are called intensifiers.
Ex. even, ever, all, so, awfully, tremendously, wonderfully, terribly.
awfully glad, terribly important . . .
The Uzbek words: oщ, фи\он, aф\он, фарёд are used as the intensifiers.
Neologisms may be divided into:
1) root words: Ex. jeep — a small light motor vehicle, zebra — street crossing place, sputnik, lunik etc;
2) derived words: Ex. collaborationist — one who in oc­cupied territory works helpfully with the enemy, to accesso­rize — to provide with dress accessories;
3) compound; Ex. space — rocket, air — drop, microfilm-reader. New words are as a rule monosemantic. Terms, used in various fields of science and technique make the greater part of neologisms. New words belong only to the notional parts of speech: to nouns, verbs, adjectives etc.
Neologisms are mainly formed by: 1) wordformation (mainly productive type).
2) semantic extension: heel — a. tractor (old meaning: heel — the back part of foot); to screen — to classify, to se­lect methodically (old meaning was — to separate coal into different sizes);
3) borrowing: telecast, telestar (Greek), sputnik, lunnik, udarnik (Russian).
Words may drop out as a result of the disappearance of the actual objects they denote. These words are called obso­lete words.
The disappearance of words may be caused as a result of influence of borrowings.
Ex. the Scandinavian «take» and «die» ousted O. E. ni-man and sweldan.
The French «army» and «place» replaced the O. E. here and steps. Words which are not used generally are called archaisms. Archaisms are used in poetic vocabulary.
Ex. steed (horse), slay (kill), welkin (sky)
Archaisms should be distinguished from historical terms or historisms which denote historical reality and commonly used in modern English.
Ex. cannon- ball, chain mail, lance, archer, baldric (belt for a sword).
Speech also expresses the speakers attitude to what he is talking about. The speaker may wish to warn, to influence people, to express his approval or disapproval. Words expres­sing emotion are called emotionally coloured words. Demi-nutive and derogatory affixes play an important role in form­ing emotionally coloured words.
There are some words which indicate the special impor­tance of the thing expressed. They are called intensifiers.
Ex.еven, ever, all, so, awfully, tremendously, wonderfully, terribly, awfully glad, terribly important . . .
The Uzbek words: ; оҳ,фиғон, афғон, фарёд are used as the intensifiers.
It should be pointed out that among the emotionally co­loured words we can find words which express evaluation, jud­gement. They are called evaluatory words. Mostly names of animals have a strong evaluatory force.
Ex. «Silly ass» said Dick. «He's jealous because he didn't win a prize».
cattwitted — мелочный,, dirty dog — грязный подлец,
colt — a young male horse used for a young unexperien­ced person, pup — щенок, They have negative evaluation. But in English we have words which have positive evalua­tion, ex. bunny —кролик, bunting—птичка (ласк). In the English language we can find a lot of v ulgar words which are used in emotional speech: ex. Damn! Alas!
One and the same word may have different evaluatian when it is uzed with words denoting different sex.
He is a bull (it has a positive evaluation) She is a bull (it has a negative evaluation)
In Uzbek: «чехра» has positive evaluation but «6aшapa» has negative;
On different occasions and situations the speaker uses different words, chooses different words in different spheres of communication. There are some words which are used in lecture, in a poem or when speaking to a child, an official person etc. They are very highly frequent words. These words are called stylistically neutral words.
Ex. evening, man, girl, table, horse, read, write, speak, beautiful, nice etc.
But we have a lot of words which cannot be used in any situation ori we speak to any person. They are called stylistically marked words.
Ex. the English nouns «horse», «steed»! «gee-gee» have the same meaning, they all refer to the same animal but they are stylistically different.
«Horse» is stylistically neutral and may be used in any situation. «Steed» belongs to poetic vocabulary. It has a lof­ty meaning. «Gee-gee» — is a nursery word neutral in a child's speech. And it is not used in adult conversation. So stylistically coloured words are suitable only on certain de­finite occasions in specific conditions of communication.
Each stylistically coloured word has a neutral synonym:
Ex. steed — horse, ire — anger, sustain— suffer, obtain— get, accomodation — room, woe — sorrow, fair—.beautiful, slay— kill.
Among the stylistically — coloured words we can find:
Slang- words. They are expressive, mostly ironical words. They serve to create fresh names for some things. They sound somewhat vulgar, harsh, mockingly, contemptously.
Ex. The word «money» has the following slang words as: beans, brass, dibs, dough, chink, oof, wads. Each stylistically coloured word has a neutral synonym:
Ex. steed—horse, ire—anger, sustain— suffer, obtain— get, accomodation — room, woe — sorrow, fair — beautiful, slay—kill.
.
The slang synonyms for word «head» are: attic, brain— — pan, hat, peg, nut, upper storey. The slang synonyms for the adjective «drunk» are: boozy, cock-eyed, high, soaked, tight.