Introduction, Lexicology as a science

Key words
1.The origin of the lexicography
2.The connection of lexicography with the problems of lexicology
3.Synchronic and diyachronic approaches to the study of lexicography
4.Different types of lexicography
5.Other types of specialized dictionaries
6.Difference between Lingual and bilingual dictionaries
7. The definition of the meaning of words in dictionaries
8. The most important problem of lexicographer


Answer the questions
1.What is the task of lexicography?
2.What kind of types of dictionaries do you know?3. What kind of types of dictionaries presents spelling of the words? 4. What kind of types of dictionaries presents Etymology of the words? 5.What kind of types of dictionaries presents Pronounciation of the words? 6. What kind of types of dictionaries presents meaning of words? 7.What kind of types of dictionaries presents grammatical ininformation? 8.What kind of dictionary is translation dictionary?


LITERATURE
1. The Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current Eng­lish by Hornby, Gatenby, Wakefield
2. Lorge. Michail West. A General Service List of English Words.
3. Reum's Dictionary of English Style, Dictionaries of word Frequency (Dictionary of frequency Value of Combinability of words. Moscow 1976).
4. The Tea­cher's Book of 30.000 words by E. S. Thorndike and Lorge. Michail West.
5. W. Skeat's Etymologica: English Pronouncing Dictionary by D. Jones l Dictionary of the English Language
6. С.А. Акбарова лингвостилистические средства и когнитивно-прагматическая значимость художественного портрета (на материале английских художественных текстов) Авторов дис..канд. фил. наук- Ташкент, 2005
7 Т.А. Дейк Язык. Познание. Коммуникация. - М.: Прогресс, 1989. с 212


LECTURE 17 Local Varieties in the British Isles, Canada and the USA

On the British Isles there are some local varieties of English which developed from Old English local dialects. There are six groups of them: Lowland /Scottish/ , Northern, Western, Midland, Eastern, Southern. These varieties are used in oral speech by the local population. Only the Scottish dialect has its own literature /R. Berns/.

One of the best known dialects of British English is the dialect of London - Cockney. Some peculiarities of this dialect can be seen in the first act of «Pigmalion» by B. Shaw, such as : interchange of /v/ and /w/ e.g. wery vell; interchange of /f/ and /0/ , /v/ and / /, e. g/ fing /thing/ and fa:ve / father/; interchange of /h/ and /-/ , e.g. «’eart» for «heart» and «hart» for «art; substituting the diphthong /ai/ by /ei/ e.g. «day» is pronounced /dai/; substituting /au/ by /a:/ , e.g. «house» is pronounced /ha:s/,«now« /na:/ ; substituting /ou/ by /o:/ e.g. «don’t» is pronounced /do:nt/ or substituting it by / / in unstressed positions, e.g. «window» is pronounced /wind /.
Another feature of Cockney is rhyming slang: «hat» is «tit for tat», «wife» is «trouble and strife», «head» is «loaf of bread» etc. There are also such words as «tanner» /sixpence/, «peckish»/hungry/.
Peter Wain in the «Education Guardian» writes about accents spoken by University teachers: «It is a variety of Southern English RP which is different from Daniel Jones’s description. The English, public school leavers speak, is called «marked RP», it has some characteristic features : the vowels are more central than in English taught abroad, e.g. «bleck het»/for «black hat»/, some diphthongs are also different, e.g. «house» is pronounced /hais/. There is less aspiration in /p/, /b/, /t/ /d/.
The American English is practically uniform all over the country, because of the constant transfer of people from one part of the country to the other. However, some peculiarities in New York dialect can be pointed out, such as: there is no distinction between / / and /a: / in words: «ask», «dance» «sand» «bad», both phonemes are possible. The combination «ir» in the words: «bird», «girl» «ear» in the word «learn» is pronoinced as /oi/ e.g. /boid/, /goil/, /loin/.In the words «duty’, «tune» /j/ is not pronounced /du:ti/, /tu:n/.