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1.2.3. Fictional languages in literature
More and more often, members of modern society show escapism, due to the ever-growing dissatisfaction with the outside world. You can get away from a reality that does not correspond to your desires only by creating your own fictional world, and, as you know, the main tool for creating fictional fantasy worlds is language.
The authors of many works of art, trying to create a new, different from the real world, are aware of the need to create a fictional culture and, accordingly, a fictional language for this world. The presence of a fictional language in a work is a characteristic feature of such genres of literature as fantasy, including science fiction, utopia, dystopia.
One of the most striking examples of the use of fictional languages in fantasy literature are the works of J.R.R. Tolkien . For his Lord of the Rings trilogy, he created 15 fictional Elvish languages with detailed grammar and vocabulary. Tolkien's elvish languages include: proto-elven , sindarin , general eldarin , nandorin , quenya , ilkorin , golddogrin , avarin , etc. Sindarin , the language of the "gray" elves, is considered more developed ; Phonologically , the language combines Welsh, Old English, Old Norse and Icelandic, and grammatically Sindarin is similar to Welsh in many ways, for example, the formation of the plural (Skvortsov, 2015: 85).
Tolkien's Elvish languages are extremely popular: several magazines are currently published in Quenya , such as " Parma Eldalamberon ”, “ Vinyar Tengwar ". Moreover, in the US and UK, several dissertations have been devoted to Quenya grammar . After the film adaptation of the trilogy, interest in the Elvish languages has increased: at present, the Terves Green school for boys (Birmingham, Great Britain) officially teaches the Elvish language.
The snake tongue or Parseltongue in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter novel is also a prime example of fictional language in the fantasy genre. In the magical world of Harry Potter, some wizards have the innate ability to speak to snakes using snake tongue, such wizards are called serpentine . However, mastery of parseltongue is not only the privilege of those wizards who were born with this ability: snake language can be learned.
Parseltongue does not have a well-developed grammatical structure, and from the phonetic side it is represented by hissing and fricative sounds .
Snake language does not lose its popularity: many fans of books and films about Harry Potter are happy to learn and develop parselgang . Moreover, in 2011, on the eve of the release of the final film about Harry Potter, the film company Warner Bros. _ has released an online translator with which fans of the " Potter " can translate individual English words into snake language.
Newspeak by J. Orwell in the dystopian novel "1984" is a classic example of the introduction of a fictional language into a literary work. Newspeak is the English language, changed beyond recognition: the lexical composition is reduced as much as possible, in order to exclude words that convey the semantics of freedom, thought, feelings, rebellion. "1984" is a book about the state of Oceania, where totalitarianism rules, so the author tried from all sides to show what system dominates in this society, including with the help of Newspeak - the political language. The author himself, J. Orwell, in his essay “Politics and the English Language” said: “Political language is created to make lies look plausible, and forces us, forgetting about all decorum, to recognize as unshakable truth what is pure nonsense ” ( Orwell , 1986: 78).
Newspeak has a well-developed grammatical structure, as well as a large vocabulary; Newspeak phonetics is based on English phonetics. The language is characterized by an abundance of abbreviations, compound words, extremely simplified grammar.
Many followers of J. Orwell practice and develop Newspeak.
However, the peak of Newspeak's popularity is considered to be the end of the 20th century.
The slang " nadsat ", coined by writer Anthony Burgess , for the dystopian A Clockwork Orange is one of the most famous fictional languages in literature. The name of the language is closely connected with its speakers: teenagers spoke Nadsat , so the ending of the Russian numerals “twelve”, “thirteen” was taken as the basis for the name.
In general, the language was compiled on the basis of Russian and London Cockney dialect, and supplemented with words coined by Burgess himself . It should be clarified that predominantly nadsat has a Russian basis. This is explained by the fact that shortly before writing the book, the author visited the Soviet Union.
Grammatically, nadsat differs little from English, only the vocabulary has been changed. Most of the vocabulary is Russian words written using the Latin alphabet, moreover, these words are often distorted beyond recognition ( Oks , 2006: 153).
A.V. Yurovskikh proposes to divide the vocabulary of nadsat into four groups: words borrowed in a direct way and changing in accordance with the rules of English grammar; abbreviated words, a combination of Russian and English morphemes and author's occasionalisms.
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