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Partially described fictional language.
The author does not represent a complete language system, but only describes some elements, signs or characteristics of a fictional language.
Such a fictional language is used in his utopian work by T.
Mor.
Said fictional language.
author is not systematically described: the work of art only mentions some of its characteristics, names some words or concepts that distinguish the fictional language from the natural one, while the author practically does not give examples of the text in this fictional language. An example of such a fictional language is the language of the Houyhnhnms in J. Swift's Gulliver's Travels.
W. Humboldt wrote: “Just as no concept is possible without language, so without it there is not a single object for our soul, because even any external object for it acquires the fullness of reality only through the medium of the concept.” When creating new, fictional worlds, the authors of the fantasy genre primarily reflect the inhabitants of this world, the picture of the world they perceive, which is impossible without a description of their language. Of course, not all authors resort to creating their own fictional language, however, a fictional language gives credibility to a work of art, makes the new fictional world more tangible by the author (Sidorova, 2006: 37).
In fiction, fictional languages serve several functions. The fictitious language acts as a kind of “marker”, which refers the work to one of the genres of science fiction literature, whether it be positive or negative utopia, fantasy , science and linguistic fiction, etc. In other words, the very fact that the author uses a fictional language in a work is thus “ assumption" that distinguishes fantasy from realism. It follows that fictional languages have a genre-forming function (Skvortsov, 2015: 177).
Some authors follow the path "from language to a fictional world." Captured by the linguistic idea (create a language in which there are no verbs; invent a fictional language with exclusively monosyllabic words, etc. ), the author cannot create a language that would not be used by anyone. The originally created fictional language serves as a kind of foundation for the image of a new race, a people with a completely new picture world. In other words, the author creates a fictional language on the basis of which he builds a world in which it could be used.
Therefore, a fictional language has a plot-forming function.
One of the most important tasks of a fictional language in a literary text is the reflection of the psychophysiological features, thinking, and worldview of the characters. Here, for the author, the correlation of language with consciousness, their interpenetration and interdependence is important. The author, revealing in the process of narration some features of his fictional language, allows the reader to understand, or, in extreme cases, to imagine the way of thinking of the main characters who are native speakers of this fictional language. From this we can conclude that a fictional language in a work of art can carry an ideological function. In this function, the fictional language acts as a prism through which the author, and with it the reader, examines the worldview, or in other words, the consciousness of the main characters (Skvortsov, 2015: 178).
In addition, a fictional text can serve as an artistic detail. In this function, a fictional language acts as a kind of artistic detail of the world depicted by the author, used by the author to achieve aesthetic goals or to reinforce the illusion of plausibility and create a more reliable picture of the fictional world. (Skvortsov, 2015: 173).
Sometimes the author uses a fictional language to create a satirical, humorous effect, ridiculing the special features of some natural languages and their speakers (Skvortsov, 2015: 170). In this case, the fictional text performs a parodic function.
Fictional languages can carry a magical function. In this function, a fictional language is special words or phrases that can supernaturally influence people, objects and phenomena of a fictional world. Most often, such words are special magic spells (Skvortsov, 2015: 169).
It is important to note that fictional languages in some works perform not one, but several functions at once. Nevertheless, this classification allows us to consider a fictional language from the point of view of the most essential function for a particular work.
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