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particular language community [5]. One good example
for this – “to be/live in clover”. This idiom is translated
into Kazakh as “ ішкені алдында, ішпегені артында”,
which means to live happily, to live well, do not have
any troubles. Originally this expression sounded like “a
cow is / lives in clover”. It’s known that cows prefer
clover to grass, thanks to it cow is quickly fattened [1].
Subsequently, this expression began to be used to
emphasize the contented state of a person. Equivalent
to this expression in Kazakh language is the phrase
“ішкені алдында, ішпегені артында”. The verb “іш”
means to drink, “ішпе” - not to drink, and the direction of
action “алды” - forward, “арты” - behind. According to
the literal translation of this phrase, you can understand
from this that what a person wants he already has it,
and what he did not get yet, he will get it a little bit
later, and he has no problems with prosperity.
Let’s consider following examples:
“Too many cooks spoil the broth” in Kazakh
equivalent is “қойшы көп болса, қой арам өледі”.
This idiom means that when many people are involved
in one job, its result may not always be successful. The
source could be the fact that soup (broth) is essentially
a very simple dish, but when several cooks take on its
preparation, its result can be deplorable, since it’s known
that everyone have their own taste. The Kazakh equivalent
of this idiom, as already mentioned, is “қойшы көп
болса, қой арам өледі”. It is known that from ancient
times the Kazakh people paid great attention to cattle
breeding. It was the main source of wealth for them.
Today Kazakhs also pay great attention to this area of
activity. The word “қойшы” means a shepherd, and
“қой” - a sheep, “көп” - many, “арам” - malicious, and
the verb “өлу” - to die. That is, the full equivalent of
the expression “too many cooks spoil the broth”, only
with a cultural flavor of Kazakh nation.
“A cash cow” is translated as “табыс көзі”, which
means a source of income. Initially, the idiom in
English was “milch cow”, which meant a cow that
gives milk, which, in fact, is the main source of income
for farmers. It should be noted that this type of activity is
the main business for the two nations. The Kazakh word
“табыс” is translated as “income”, and “көз” in this
context is “source”, not “eye”. Therefore, it becomes
obvious that the connotative meaning of the word is used.
The stable phrase “not have two pennies/nickels to
rub together” has the Kazakh equivalent of “көк
тиыны болмау”. It should be noted that in Britain,
after silver, pennies began to be minted from copper,
hence their depreciation. And in Kazakh language,
“тиын” always means a small amount of money, and the
word “көк” sometimes associates a positive meaning in
such phrases as “көк – аспан” – blue, cloudless sky, and a
negative meaning, for example, in the word “көкбет”,
which means "unyielding, irreverent", and in this idiom
also has a negative meaning.
Translation of “to live (from) hand to mouth” is
“шала құрсақ өмір сүру” which means barely making
ends meet, living very poorly. This idiom originated
from the events that took place during the Great
Depression, that was a very difficult time. People did not
know when they could eat again, and stuffed their mouths
with everything that fell into their hands. This idiom was
born with such literal meaning. In the Kazakh translation,
we see such components as: “шала” - half, “құрсақ” - the
womb, “өмір сүру” - to live. From this combination, you
can deduce the concept - to live by half, which means to
live in poverty.
“Money talks” - “бәрін ақша шешеді” means that
everything is decided by money. It is thought the
etymology of this idiom is obvious – money gives
unlimited power. In order to convey this expression into
Kazakh, the meaning was transferred with clarification,
the word “бәрі” can be used both for everything and eve-
ryone, the word “money” was translated directly -
“ақша”, and the key word here is the verb “шешу” – to
decide/solve something. So we get the expression –
money is everything.
The scientific paradigm shift contributed to a
change in the view on the definition of phraseology. In
contrast to the “traditional” phraseology, which considers
phraseological units only as units of the language system,
within the framework of the cognitive approach,
phraseological units are most often defined from the
item of the language-phenomenon, as “microtexts are
drawn into its conceptualization all types of information
that are typical for displaying the situation in the text, but
presented in phraseological units in the form of
“convolution”, ready for use as text in the text. It is
within the framework of the cognitive approach that
the meaning of a phraseological unit begins to be
perceived not just as a construct, but as “a property of
linguistic consciousness, a real source of information
that works as a unit of a language code” [6].
Thus, we see that it is not so easy to translate this
linguistic category such as idioms. Their meaning
cannot be conveyed by literal translation, and the
equivalent is not always found. Only by knowing the
cultural characteristics and cognitive activity of the
Журнал «Интернаука»
№ 8 (231), 2022 г.
10
target community, by passing through yourself the
linguo-cognitive and linguo-cultural aspects, you can
get an adequate translation. And it is worth noting that
when it comes to figurative expressions, the above
mentioned aspects always go in parallel.
As it’s already been seen, the examples which is giv-
en above are results of historical events, circumstances
and incidents that the people have undergone. And
their use helps to express the spirit imprinted in them,
and to reduce the time of speaking, as it is known that
set phrases can express more than ordinary words. And
some of them, depending on the scope of use, even
develop into terms. After all, the language is also
modified like the world. All of the aforesaid confirms
the importance of further study of the topic raised.
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