710
i n t e r nat i o na l l aw
In determining whether a contract or transaction is a ‘commercial transac-
tion’ . . . reference should be made primarily to the nature of the contract or
transaction, but its purpose should also be taken into account if the parties
to the contract or transaction have so agreed, or if, in the practice of the state
of the forum, that purpose is relevant to determining the non-commercial
character of the contract or transaction.
The reason for the modified ‘nature’ test was in order to provide an
adequate safeguard and protection for developing countries, particularly
as they attempt to promote national economic development. The ILC
Commentary notes that a two-stage approach is posited, to be applied
successively. First, reference should be made primarily to the nature of the
contract or transaction and, if it is established that it is non-commercial
or governmental in nature, no further enquiry would be needed. If, how-
ever, the contract or transaction appeared to be commercial, then refer-
ence to its purpose should be made in order to determine whether the
contract or transaction was truly sovereign or not. States should be given
an opportunity to maintain that in their practice a particular contract
or transaction should be treated as non-commercial since its purpose
is clearly public and supported by reasons of state. Examples given in-
clude the procurement of medicaments to fight a spreading epidemic,
and food supplies.
65
This approach, a modification of earlier drafts,
66
is
not uncontroversial and some care is required. It would, for example,
be unhelpful if the purpose criterion were to be adopted in a manner
which would permit it to be used to effect a considerable retreat from the
restrictive immunity approach. This is not to say, however, that no consid-
eration whatsoever of the purpose of the transaction in question should be
undertaken.
Lord Wilberforce in
I
◦
Congreso del Partido
67
emphasised that in con-
sidering whether immunity should be recognised one had to consider
the whole context in which the claim is made in order to identify the
‘relevant act’ which formed the basis of that claim. In particular, was
it an act
jure gestionis
, or in other words ‘an act of a private law char-
acter such as a private citizen might have entered into’?
68
This use of
the private law/public law dichotomy, familiar to civil law systems, was
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