«инглиз тили лексикологияси» кафедраси

Lecture 17. Comparative Analysis of English, Uzbek and Russian Languages Word -Stock
Key points for discussion:
1.Word as a basis unit of a language
2.Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of words in English, Uzbek and Russian
3.Semantic classification of words in English, Uzbek and Russian
4.Classification of words according to their structure in English, Uzbek and Russian
The main unit of the lexical system of a language resulting from the association of a group of sounds with a meaning is a word. This unit is used in grammatical functions characteristic of it. It is the smallest language unit which can stand alone as a complete utterance. A word, however, can be divided into smaller sense units - morphemes. The morpheme is the smallest meaningful language unit.
The morpheme consists of a class of variants, allomorphs, which are either phonologically or morphologically conditioned, e.g. please, pleasant, pleasure. Morphemes are divided into two large groups: lexical morphemes and grammatical (functional) morphemes. Both lexical and grammatical morphemes can be free and bound. Free lexical morphemes are roots of words which express the lexical meaning of the word, they coincide with the stem of simple words.
Free grammatical morphemes are function words:

• 
  articles
  
• 
  conjunctions
  
• 
  prepositions (the, with, and).
  

Bound exical morphemes are affixes:

• 
  prefixes (dis-)
  
• 
  suffixes (-ish)
  
• 
  blocked (unique) root morphemes (e.g. Fri-day, cran-berry).
  

Word is a basic two sided and independent unit of a language. It has been attracted the attentions of many linguists from ancient times. Thus, thewordis the basis unit of a language, directly corresponds to the object of thought (referent)- which is a generalized reverberation of a certain slice‘,piece‘ of objective reality and by immediately referring to it names the thing meant. Words in all languages can be distinguished as followings:

Typologically denotational meaning suggests the distribution of general and special meanings (hyperonyms and hyponyms) in languages. In general, it is more natural for English and Uzbek to use a hyperonym, while Russian typically favours hyponym: