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Syntacmatics:linear (simultaneous) relationship of words in a speech as distinct from the associative (non-simultaneous) relationship of words in the language.
Paradigmatics:1) associative (non-simultaneous) relationship of words in language as distinct from linear (simultaneous) relationship of words in speech (syntagmatics); relation of units in absentia (e.g. synonymic, antonymicrelationships); 2) an approach to language when the elements of its system are regarded as associated units joined by oppositional relationship.
According to the structure, English words can be subdivided into:
Simple words consist of one root morpheme and an inflexion (in many cases the inflexion is zero), e.g. red, ask, leg;
Derived words consist of one root morpheme, one or several affixes and an inflexion, e.g. aimless,unemployed, disbelief;
Compound words consist of two or more root morphemes and an inflexion,
e.g. foreign-made, red-haired‖,to day-dream‖;
Compound-derived words consist of two or more root morphemes, one or more affixes and an inflexion, e.g. a stay-slim diet‖ an out-of-town performance, do-it-your-self principle.
In the Uzbek language they can be classified into:
Simple words in Uzbek can be subdivided in to root ўқ, келди,and derived ―билим, ―улғай, ―серзавқ‖.
A distinctive feature of Uzbek language is having the types of words such pairs and repeated ones which can be formed by a hyphen and give one meaning. Pair words in Uzbek can be formed as followings:
The way of forming English, Uzbek and Russian short compounds are the same. There are three ways of forming short compounds:
The solid or closed form in which two usually moderately short words appear together as one. Solid compounds most likely consist of short (monosyllabic) units that often have been established in the language for a long time. Examples are; housewife, lawsuit, and wallpaper.
Uzbek examples are: сувилон, тоғолча, гултувак. Russian examples are: водовоз, сумасшедший.
The hyphenated form in which two or more words are connected by a hyphen. Compounds that contain affixes, such as house – builder and single – mind (ed) (ness) but if these words are written in Uzbek and Russian they will be written without ahyphen: single – mindednessҳурфикрлилик, честолюбие.
As well as anadjective - adjective compounds and verb – verb compounds, such as blue – green and freeze – dry, are often hyphenated. Some Uzbek verb – verb compounds are not hyphenated: сотиболди, бориб келди. And such Russian compounds also are not hyphenated, e.g. adjective-adjective: драгоценный.
Compounds that contain particles, such as mother – of – pearl and salt – and – pepper, mother – in – law, merry – go – round, are also hyphenated.
The open or spaced form consisting of newer combinations of usually longer, such as distance learning, player piano, lawn tennis.
In Uzbek and Russian there are also such kind of open compounds: стол тенниси, масофавий ўқитиш, дистанционное обучение, гарантийный талон, настольный теннис.
In Uzbek the relationship between the components of compound words are different: They show:
Comparison: карнайгул, отқулоқ туяқуш, шерюрак, қўйкўз.
Relevance, purposed for something: гултувак (vase for flower), молқўра, оловкурак, токқайчи,қийматахта. In English and Russian washing – machine, blood – vessel (a tube through which blood flows in the body), стиральнаямашина, гладинаядоска.
Connection to some places: сувилон (a snake which lives in water), тоғолча, чўлялпиз, қўқонарава like in English zookeeper, postman, house keeper, head – dress, ear – ring.
The mark of something: аччиқтош, олақарға, шўрданак, қизилиштон, Қизилтепа. In English long – legged, bluebell, slow – coach.
Relationship to quantity: бешбармоқ, мингоёқ, қирқоғайни, Бешариқ. This rule is also relevant to Englishand Russian compounds such as: three – cornered, fifteen – fold, six – fold, five – sided polygon, пятиэтажный, треугольный, шестикратный.
Uzbek compound words are classified:
from the point of view of the way the components of the compound are linked together: хомкалла, кўксултон, искабтопар.
from the point of view of agreeing:
тўйбоши, китобсевар, дунёқараш.
с) from the point of view of therelationship between subject and predicate: first elements of such kind compound will be predicate: гўшткуйди, келинтушди.
There are 6 types of compound words in Uzbek:
Most frequently spread English and Russian compound words are:
Comparison of languages in the level of lexicology from theoretical points requires comparing the lexical units and their systematic relations. As it mentioned above thelexical unit of the languages can be compared to various levels of language. We tried to show some analysis of a word in several levels as its meaning, structure, and branches.
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