«инглиз тили лексикологияси» кафедраси

Word formation

Two main ways of word formation can be observed in Russian too:

Word formation словообразование

(Лексико-семантический)

As it is seen from the schemes of word formation in the compared languages some similarities and differences can be observed.
The main similarity of forming words is having the way of affixing in all compared languages. And all of them have the subtypes, such as pefixing, suffixing and prefix-suffix. For instance, English prefixes are such particles that can be prefixed to full words and it is mostly characteristic for forming verbs. Prefixes can be considered more independent than suffixes in English. They can be classified according to the nature of words in which they are used: prefixes used in notional words and prefixes used in functional words. Prefixes used in notional words are proper prefixes which are bound morphemes, e.g. re- (rewrite). Prefixes used in functional words are semi-bound morphemes because they are met in the language as words, e.g. over- (overprotected) (cf. over the book).
Prefixes can be classified according to different principles:

1. 
   Semantic classification:
   

1. 
   prefixes of negative meaning, such as : in- (invaluable), non- (non- morphological), un- (unhappy) etc.
   

2. 
   prefixes denoting repetition or reversal actions, such as: de- (deregulate), re- (redo), dis- (disappear).
   
3. 
   prefixes denoting time, space, degree relations, such as : inter- (international) , hyper- (hypertension), ex- (ex-friend), pre- (pre-reading), over- (overhead) etc.
   

2. 
   Origin of prefixes can be classified as follows:
   

1. 
   native (Germanic), such as: un-, over-, under- etc.
   
2. 
   Romanic, such as : in-, de-, ex-, re- etc.
   
3. 
   Greek, such as:sym-, hyper- etc.
   

Besides, there are a lot of borrowed prefixes in English:
Auto- Demi- Mono- Multi-Semi- Post-
On the contrary with English prefixes Russian and Uzbek have not any classifications in prefixes but they also can show negative meaning such as не- неприятный, недоступный, or in Uzbek но-номаълум, номуносиб. But there are many other types of prefixes in Russian and Uzbek languages such as с-, не-, сверх-, при-, раз- for forming words such спутник, неприятель, сверхранний, придавать, раздавать. There is such verb in Russian which can combine with almost all prefixes:

Ехать	Говорить
По-ехать	По-говорить
В-ехать	За-говорить
На-ехать	На-говорить
За-ехать	Вы-говорить
До-ехать	Недо-говорить
С-ехать
Вы-ехать
Недо-ехать
Пере-ехать
При-ехать