«инглиз тили лексикологияси» кафедраси

Question for self-control:

1. 
   What kind of differences are there in word formation of compared languages?
   
2. 
   Tell the main types of morphological way of word formation?
   
3. 
   How can you define adistinctive feature of English word formation?
   
4. 
   Is there any distinctive feature of Uzbek word formation?
   
5. 
   Tell about general ways of word formation in compared languages.
   
6. 
   The problem of interference in foreign language teaching acquisition (Lexical level).
   

Recommended Literatures:

1. 
   Аракин В.Д. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков. Ленинград, 1979.
   
2. 
   Буранов Ж.Б. Сравнительнаятипологияанглийскогоитюркскихязыков. М, 1983.
   
3. 
   Валгина Н.С. Современный русский язык. М., 2003.
   
4. 
   Лекант П. А. Современный русский язык. М., 2003.
   
5. 
   Adams V. Introduction into English Wordformation. Lnd., 1983.
   
6. 
   Canon G. Historical Changes and English Wordformation: New Vocabulary items. N.Y., 1986.
   

Topics for self-study

1. 
   Typology of word formation system of the English and Uzbek (Russian) languages.
   
2. 
   Typology of lexical systems.
   
3. 
   Theoretical foundation of Lexical typology.
   
4. 
   Typology of word.
   

Lecture 19. Typology of phraseological units (isomorphic and allomorphic features) in English and Contrasted Languages

Problems to be discussed:

1. Characteristic features of phraseological units in compared languages
2. Typology of Phraseological Units in compared languages

Phraseological unit is a non-motivated word-group that cannot be freely made
up in speech but is reproduced as a ready-made unit. It is functionally and
semantically inseparable. Characteristic features of phraseological units/set-phrases are non-motivation for idiomaticity and stability of context. Structurally, they may be in all languages:
1) sentence idioms (time and tide wait for no man, время и прилив никого не
ждут);
2) word-group idioms (Ten Commandments, десять заповедей);
3) metaphorically generalized proper names (sometimes geographical names) as
Jack Ketch (hangman), как Джек Кетч (палач, виселица).
Сommon in both languages are paradigmatic classes of idioms: - substantial (the
Trojan horse, троянский кoнь;
verbal (to have one's heart in one's mouth, брат быка за рог);
adverbial (by and again, и снова). In both languages they can perform such functions as:
 the subject (Hobson’s choice is an idiom.);
 the predicative/predicate (That was a Hobson’s choice for him);
 the object (He recollected the idiom “Hobson’s choice.”);
 the adverbial modifier (He will do it by hook or by crook.; всеми правдами
и неправдами, любыми способами.)
Idiomatic examples exist in both languages either as:
1) absolute equivalents having all components the same and absolutely identical or slightly different meaning in some languages of a historically, culturally and mostly geographically close regions (the heel of Achilles- ахиллесовая пята).
2) near equivalents, i.e. when having in some (usually different) languages one or
more components missing or different as in other (contrasted) languages, e.g.: to kiss the post - поцеловать замок;
3) genuine and approximate idiomatic analogies (have in English and Russian
similar meaning but different componential structures: a fly in the ointment, ложка дегтя в бочке меда; неприятная вещь, неприятный момент, портящий общее впечатление. ... ).
There are also: 1) national idioms (English to cut off with a shilling, лишить
наследство); 2) international (Pandora’s box, Gordian knot).
Typology of set-phrases of non-phraseological character in English and Uzbek
and Russian.
The term "set phrase" implies that the basic criterion of differentiation is stability
of the lexical components and grammatical structure of word-groups.
Set phrases are often words with a unique referent (e.g. Red Sea). There is no clear dividing line between a commonly used phrase and a set phrase. It is also not easy to draw a clear distinction between set phrases (carry equal stress on each word) and compound words (stressed on the 1 syllable).
Set phrases are usually called "collocations", that is, words that are commonly used together. They can be:
a. verb-noun combinations (take a bath, make a promise, принять душ, душ қабул қилмоқ);
b. adjective-noun combinations (innocent bystander, невинный свидетель, холис гувоҳ);
c. preposition-noun (на борту, on board, кема бортида) combinations.
Collocation comprises the restrictions on how words can be used together, for
example which prepositions are used with particular verbs, or which verbs and nouns are used together (e.g. strong tea, but not powerful tea).
Set phrases should not be confused with idioms. In idioms, the meaning is
completely non-compositional whereas in set phrases their elements are
semantically motivated.
To non-stable phraseological units belong: 1) idioms, one of the words of which
have unusual meaning; 2) non-idiomatic non-stable combinations of words, which are characterized by the frequent co-¬occurrence of the word group (penknife (n.) - перочинный нож).
In English and native languages of stylistically neutral and official lexicon two-member expressions are predominant.
To non-stable phraseological units belong:
1) idioms, one of the words of which have unusual meaning;
2) non-idiomatic non-stable combinations of words, which are characterized by the frequent co-¬occurrence of the word group (English: genetic engineering,
нейтронная бомба, penknife, pocket knife, pen knife). In Russian and Uzbek sphere of stylistically neutral and official lexicon two-member expressions are
predominant.