«инглиз тили лексикологияси» кафедраси

Assimilation оf Borrowings. According to the degree of assimilation borrowings fall into such groups: a) completely assimilated; b) partially assimilated, c) unassimilated loan words. Partially assimilated loan words can be subdivided into 4 subgroups: a) words not assimilated semantically; b) words not assimilated grammatically; c) words not completely assimilated phonetically; d) words not completely assimilated graphically.


Seminars 19-20. Typology of Grammatical Categories in English and Native Languages
Exercise 1. Describe any grammatical structure of words
Historically take its origin from ancient Indian grammar by Panini. He described his native lang. Sanskrit. He was the 1^st to put a sharp dividing line between words and nouns. This idea of classification was developed by ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle.
When describing any grammatical structure, he described 3 genders. If there was an opposition, they described grammatical category.
cat(unmarked) – cats (marked)
Typological categories differ from grammatical. We may speak about typological category even if it is not expressed morphologically. Typological category is: - inter language; - inter level; - inter class
Exercise 2. Speak about the Typology of category of Gender in contrasted languages
The basic category Every language distinguishes btw. – males; - females
In Russian gender is expressed morphologically that’s with the help of flexions. There are 3 genders in Russian: - famine (with flexions а-я); - masculine; - neuter (flexions o-e) genders correspond to nouns он, оно, она. But in Uzbek there is no gender distinction.
Classification on nouns into genders is deprive of any logics. Sometimes different nouns denoting the same objects belong to different genders. (девушка – қиз).
Nouns denoting the same things may belong to different genders. (береза, сосна, дуб).
The oldest way to express gender is with the help of words (lexical).
We have special words denoting males and females: husband, wife, man, woman.
In English gender is not expressed morphologically. Except some examples. waiter, waitress, actor, actress. In other cases, it can be expressed lexically girl-friend, boyfriend, she cat, he category
Nouns denoting profession may be referred to men as well as to women, they may be of masculine or feminine gender depending on situation.
In both languages there are words which may denote either male or female: - человек – ребенок, мальчик – девочка.
There are words in both languages denoting domestic animals (hen – cock).
But in older practice they were not used except some special purposes. In Russian gender may be indicated by special morphemes, nouns (тель – щик – чик) masculine. Nouns ость- радость – feminine.