«инглиз тили лексикологияси» кафедраси

3. Semantic motivation of lexical units is displayed by the figurative/connotative meaning of words, representing the transferred meanings of their denotata. foot of a mountain-подножье горы, тоғ этаги; hand/hands of a watch стрелка/стрелки часов (инсон қўли билан солиштиришади) соатнинг қўли, қўллари, to keep house -уйни бошқариш, вести домашне хозяйство, an ancient house- старинный дом, қадимий уй (династия); the house of Tudor – Тюдор династияси; etc.ы
Semantically motivated lexical units constitute in English about 10% and in сcontrasted languages about 9 % of their total motivated lexicons. Generally, a great many words in English, native and in other languages have no clear motivation, i. e. their etymology remains obscure, far from explicable at present.
Word-Formation in English and native languages. The principal ways of word-formation in the contrasted language are isomorphic: 1) Morphological (the most productive); 2) morphologico-syntactic; 3) lexico-semantic; 4) lexico-syntactic.
The morphological way I. Affixal or derivational word-formation: e. g. Agent suffixes (касбга оид отларни ясовчи): -ist/-icт, -ист: analyst, motorist, journalist, таҳлилчи, моторист, журналист, тракторист; -ant, -ent (-ант/-ент): servant, student, solvent, хизматкор, лаборант, корреспондент, студент; -аг (-ар/-яр): burglar, scholar, ўғри,олим; -er -or (-ер/-ор): teacher, farmer, coster, singer, milker, actor, director, inspector, ўқитувчи, қўшиқчи, актёр, директор, сутчи, конструктор, etc.
The typological difference between the composite words of the two languages:
• lies in their much larger variety of types in Russian and Uzbek than in English.
• Whole phrasing in English. It represents an occasional incorporation of word-groups or sentences into compounds, such as a never-to -be-forgotten event (from: an event never to be forgotten) or a to-be-or-not-to-be question, etc.
Abbreviation
• it represents a generally common type of word-formation in the contrasted languages.
• Common and equally productive in both contrasted languages are the following types: 1. The so-called initial abbreviation: USA, UNO, BBC, CNN, TV, UK, VAT and other acronyms. Similarly, in English, Uzbek and Russian: США, OOH, ЮНЕСКО.
2. Partial abbreviation of words (rare in English): Colo (Colorado), Indi (Indiana), Okla (Oklahoma), Canwood (Canadian Woods).
3. Combined abbreviation (less productive and less widespread in English than in Ukrainian): CONUS (Continental US), COSPAR (Committee on Space Research), INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organisation), etc.
Blending • a rather productive type of compounding in English. Blends or "telescoped" words are formed by confrontation of two (in contrasted languages) or even more truncated (усеченный, кесилган, қирқилган) words or roots of words, for example: avia(tion) + (electr)onics > avionics, fan(tasy) + (maga)zine > fanzine, mo(torist) + (ho)tel > motel, sm(ock) + (f)og > smog, ETC.