«инглиз тили лексикологияси» кафедраси

 
Questions for self-control: 
1.
What does the syntactic level study?
2.
Why the difference between a phrase and a sentence is fundamental? 
3.
What is aphrase in compared languages? 
4.
What criteria of defining phrase types exist in Grammar?
5.
Types of syntactic relations in phrases. 
6.
Are there any distinctive features of English, Uzbek and Russian phrases? 
7.
Tell about general ways of syntactic connectionof phrases in compared 
languages? 
8.
The problem of pre-position and post-position in phrases. 
9.
The problem of interference in foreign language teaching acquisition 
(Syntactic level). 
Recommended literature: 
1.
Yusupov U.K. Contrastive linguistics of the English and Uzbek languages.
Tashkent, 2013. 
2.
Аракин В.Д. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков. 
Ленинград, 1979. 
3.
Соловьѐва Н. Н. Весь русский язык в таблицах: От фонетики до 
синтаксиса М., 2009. 
LECTURE 13. TYPOLOGY OF A SENTENCE IN ENGLISH AND 
NATIVE LANGUAGES
Problems for discussion: 
1.
Definition of thesentence. 
2.
Criteria of dividing sentences into types.
3.
Classification of sentences
4.
 
Typology of English, Russian and Uzbek sentence types.
 

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62 
Key words: 
The sentence, phonetics, approach, syntactic pattern, semantics.
 
It is rather difficult to define the sentence as it 
is connected with many lingual and extra lingual 
aspects 
– 
logical, 
psychological 
and 
philosophical. There are many definitions of the 
sentence and these definitions differ from each other 
because that the scientists approach from different 
viewpoints to this question. Some of them consider 
the sentence from the point view of phonetics, others 
- from the point of view of semantics (the meaning 
of the sentence) and so on.
Some of the definitions of a sentence are 
given below. 
The Notional Definition of a Sentence: "It is 
sometimes said that a sentence expresses a complete thought. This is 
a notional definition: it defines a term by the notion or idea it conveys. The 
difficulty with this definition lies in fixing what is meant by a ‗complete thought.‘ 
There are notices, for example, that seems to be complete in themselves but are not 
generally regarded as sentences: 
Exit, Danger, 50 mph speed limit.
"On the other 
hand, there are sentences that clearly consist of more than one thought. Here is one 
relatively simple example:
This week marks the 300th anniversary of the 
publication of Sir Isaac Newton
’
s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, 
a fundamental work for the whole of modern science and a key influence on the 
philosophy of the European Enlightenment. 
Jespersen‘s Definition of a Sentence: "Traditional attempts to define 
the sentence were generally either psychological or logical-analytic in nature: the 
former type spoke of ‗a complete thought‘ or some other inaccessible 
psychological phenomenon; the latter type, following Aristotle, expected to find 
every sentence made up of a logical subject and logical predicate, units that 
themselves rely on the sentence for their definition. 
A more fruitful approach is that of Otto Jespersen 
(1924: 307), who suggests testing the completeness 
and independence of a sentence, by assessing its 
potential 
for 
standing 
alone, 
as 
a 
complete utterance." 
According to B.A. Ilyish―The sentence is the 
immediate integral unit of speech built up of words 
according to a definite syntactic pattern and 
distinguished 
by 
a 
contextually 
relevant 
communicative purpose‖. The definition proves that 
is quite right when he writes: ―Thenotion of 
thesentence has not so far received a satisfactory 

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63 
definition‖. 
―A sentence is a unit of speech whose grammatical structure conforms to the 
laws of the language andwhich serves as the chief means of conveying a thought. 
A sentence is not only a means of communicatingsomething about reality but also 
a means of showing the speaker‘s attitude to it.