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You might say, it
’
s aroom filled with love.
According to academician G. Pocheptsov,
the sentence is the central
syntactic construction used as the minimal communicative unit that has its primary
predication, actualizes a definite structural scheme and possesses definite
intonation characteristics. This definition works only in case we do not take into
account the difference between the sentence and the utterance. The distinction
between the sentence and the utterance is of fundamental importance because the
sentence is an abstract theoretical entity defined within the theory of grammar
while the utterance is the actual use of the sentence. In other words, a sentence is a
unit of language while the utterance is a unit of speech.
The most essential features of the sentence as a linguistic unit are a)
its structural characteristics – subject-predicate relations (primary predication), and
b) its semantic characteristics – it refers to some fact in the objective reality.
Thus,
by sentence, we understand the smallest communicative unit,
consisting of one ormore syntactically connected words that have primary
predication and that have a certain intonationpattern.
There are many approaches to classify sentences. Below we shall consider
only some ofthem.
B. Ilyish classifies sentences applying two principles:
1) Types of communication. Applying this principle, he distinguishes 3
types of sentences: declarative, interrogative, imperative.
2) According to thestructure.
Applying this
principle, he distinguishes two main types
ofsentences: simple and composite.
Ch. Fries gives an original classification of
types of sentences. All the utterances are divided by
him into Communicative and Non-communicative.
The Communicative utterances are in their
turn divided into 3 groups:
I. Utterances regularly eliciting ―oral‖
responses only: greetings, calls, questions.
II. Utterances regularly eliciting "action"
responses, sometimes
accompanied by one of
alimited list of oral responses: requests or
commands.
III. Utterances regularly eliciting conventional
signals of attention to continuous discourse statements.
L.Barkhudarov compares source (kernel) sentences with their transforms, he
distinguishes several types of sentences from their structural view-point. His
classification willrepresent binary oppositions where the unmarked member is the
source kernel sentence andmarked one is the transformed sentence.
The most important oppositions within the limits of simple sentences are the
followingtwo:
1. Imperative (request) and non-imperative sentences.
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2. Elliptical and non-elliptical sentences.
Summarizing the issue about the classification of sentences in the English
language, wecan say that this can be done from different points of view. But the
most important criteria so areas follow:
1. The criterion of the structure of sentences.
2. The criterion of the aim of the speaker.
3. The criterion of the existence of all parts of the sentence.
From the point
of view of the first criterion, sentences fall under two
subtypes: simple and composite. The difference between them is in the fact that
simple sentences have one primary predication in their structure while composite
ones have more than one.
According to the criterion of the aim of the speaker,
sentences fall under
declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory.
From the point of view of the existence of all parts of the sentence, we
differentiateelliptical and non-elliptical sentences.
Generally, in all three compared languages sentences may be classified
according to:
types of communication
structure.
According to the types of communication sentence in
compared languages
are divided into:
declarative,
interrogative
imperative.
A Declarative sentence states a fact in the affirmative or negative form.
There are a number of difference between English and Russian, Uzbek negative
sentences. An English sentence may have only one negation while the Russian
sentence one may have more than one.
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