Ingliz tili ikkinchi fakulteti

1.2. English, Uzbek and Russian languages consonant phonemes

The inventory of phonemes is a starting point in thecomparative-typological analysis. The typological analysis aims at describing structural units, i.e. phonemes which function as formal items in the identification and distinction of words and morphemes.

The inventory of the English consonants consists of 24 phonemes.

[p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [m], [n], [ŋ], [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [h], [tʃ], [dʒ], [j], [w], [r], [l].

The inventory of the Uzbek consonants consists of 25 phonemes.

[б], [в], [г], [д], [ж1], [j2], [(dj)], [з], [й], [к], [л], [м], [н], [п], [р], [с], [т], [ф], [x], [ч], [ш], [қ], [ғ], [ҳ], [ц].

The inventory of the Russian consonants consists of 36 phonemes.

[б], [б‘] [в], [в‘] [г], [г‘] [д], [д‘] [ж] [з], [з‘] [й‘] [к], [к‘] [л], [л‘] [м], [м‘] [н], [н‘] [п], [п‘] [р], [р‘] [с], [с‘] [т], [т‘] [ф], [ф‘] [х], [х‘] [ц] [ч‘] [ш] [щ‘].

The consonant system of all compared languages is classified according to the articulatory and acoustic features.

The general phonetic principles of classification of consonants in compared languages are as follows:

a.)	The place of articulation
b.)	the manner of production;
	30

c.)	the presence or absence of voice;
d.)	the position of the soft palate;

Similarity and differences between them can be seen in the tables below:

The place of articulation

English

Uzbek

Russian

bilabial

Labial

Labial

labiodentals

Lingual

labial-dental

dental

Glottal

Foredental

alveolar

Dental

postalveolar

palatal

velar

uvular

pharyngeal

glottal

retroflex

The manner of production

English

Uzbek

Russian

1.

occlusive

explosive

Fricative:

a) middle fricative

b) side fricative

2.

constrictive

Affricates

Occlusive:

(fricative)

a) explosive

b) affricates

c) implosive

d) nasal

3.

occlusive-

implosive

Vibrant

constrictive

(affricates)

4.

Rolled

Nasal

5.

vibrant

The presence or absence of voice

English

Uzbek

Russian

Voiced

Voiced

Voiced

Voiceles

Voiceless

Voiceless

s

The position of the soft palate

English

Uzbek

Russian

Sonorant

Sonorant

Sonorant

Noise consonants

Noise consonants

Noise consonants

31

According to the palatalization of the tongue, theonly Russian language has soft and hard consonants.

Professor U. Yusupov differentiates some consonants in the following way. The English consonants [t] and [d] are alveolar speech sounds, whereas their Uzbek counterparts [т] and [д] are dental ones. The English [w], in contrast with Uzbek [в], is pronounced with protruded lips. Also, in Uzbek, the voiced consonants [б] and [д] become voiceless at the end of words, which is alien to English: мактаб-мактап.

The consonants [ө,ð,w] can‘t be found in Uzbek. Likewise, the Uzbek consonants [x, ғ, қ] do not exist in English. Moreover, Russian [ж], [й‘] phonemes also cannot be found in English phoneme system.