Ingliz tili ikkinchi fakulteti

Halle (spectrographic/acoustic classification), A. Isachenko, T. Kovalev, I.
Kramsky, T. Milevsky, C. V. Voegelin, J. C. Pierce (quantitative criterion), A.


Martine (suprasegmental typological classification), G. P. Melnikov, V. A.
Vasilyev, E. D. Polivanov, A. M. Sherbak and others.

The main achievement in thedevelopment of phonological typology is phonological universals. E.g. All languages have vowels and consonants. If a language has voiced fricatives, it also has unvoiced fricatives, but not necessarily the other way round.

Phonetics is the isolated and independent level in language hierarchy. It is more investigated science in linguistics.

The following types of phonetics may be distinguished:

1. 
   General phonetics which studies the human sound due to principles of theoretical phonetics. It is a part of general linguistics.
   

2. 
   Descriptive phonetics which studies the phonetic system of a certain
   

language.

3. 
   Historical (diachronical) phonetics which studies the sound undergoes in the development of a language.
   

4. 
   Comparative-typological phonetics studies the phonetic features of two or more languages of different systems.
   

5. 
   Comparison of phonetic-phonological units is carried out in structural, genetic, areal and comparative typology (panchronic, diachronic and synchronic). The panchronic/diachronic comparison is not used because it is helpless and has no scientific value to compare genetically and aerially distant non-cognate English and Uzbek.
   

Questions for self-control:

1. 
   Phonetics and phonology as different sciences.
   
2. 
   Who is the founder of Phonological Typology?
   

3. 
   What types of phonetics exist in Linguistics?
   
4. 
   Differences between segmental and suprasegmental phonology.
   
5. 
   What kind of characterizing ways of vowels and consonants do you know?
   
6. 
   Syllable division in English and compared languages.
   

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23. 
    The problem of interference in foreign language teaching acquisition (Phonetic and phonological levels).