Индейские реалии в произведении Г. У. Лонгфелло «Песнь о Гайавате»

Theme: MYTHOLOGICAL AND FOLKLORE FOUNDATIONS OF THE POEM BY G. LONGFELLOW "SONG OF HIAWATHA"
Contents :
INTRODUCTION…………………………..…………………………….………2

1. The concept of "reality".…………………………………………....…………4

2. The concept of "reality" in linguistic and regional studies and translation studies. ………………………………………………………………..……………6
3. Comprehensive analysis of realities in the Longfellow's poem "THE SONG OF HIAWATHA" …………………… ………………………………………………..…15

Conclusion. ………………………………………………………………………19

Reference. ………………………………………………..………32
Introduction .
“The time has come to create in Uzbekistan a new system of teaching foreign languages, which will become a solid foundation for the future. Since we set ourselves the goal of building a competitive state, from now on, graduates of schools, lyceums, colleges and universities must be fluent in at least two foreign languages. This strict requirement should become the main criterion for the work of the head of each education institution”, Shavkat Mirziyoyev said¹.
This study is titled “Indian Realities in Longfellow's The Song of Hiawatha ”.As you know, realities and, according to Professor GD Tomakhin's definition, are the names of objects of material culture inherent only to certain nations and peoples, facts of history, state institutions, names of national and folklore heroes, etc. In our work under the "national" realities we have in mind the realities , inherent Indian people, the subject of the poem Longfellow.
The work " The song of Hiawatha " is considered the most remarkable work of G. Longfellow, who made the author famous both in the New and in the Old World during his lifetime. It was created on the basis of the legends of the Indian people and in a poetic form glorified the unique beauty of the material and spiritual world of the indigenous people of America. “ The song of Hiawatha ” is a great hymn to the world. His hero appears in the legends of the Indians under various names, he is endowed with many beautiful features and contains the idea of ​​overcoming all strife, renouncing strife and wars in the name of peaceful labor on a generous land. The “Song of Hiawatha” is dominated by the feeling of the unity of man and nature, the now lost feeling of the organic nature of being, its spirituality, its wholeness².
The reason for the choice of the topic was the lack of knowledge of the realities in the poetic work. As you know, most of the research so far has been carried out on the material of prose. Many critical articles have been written about Longfellow's poem " The song of Hiawatha ", but few have investigated the functioning of Indian realities and their role in creating the national color and poetry of this work³.
The aim of this thesis is a comprehensive analysis of Indian realities in Longfellow's poem “ The song of Hiawatha⁴ ”. By complex analysis, we mean the analysis of the form of representation of realities in the poem, morphological-syntactic, semantic-thematic and poetical-stylistic analysis .
To achieve this goal, we needed to solve the following tasks:
1. And to study literature on the topic of "reality".
2. Read Mu Longfellow's poem “ The song of Hiawatha ”.
3. Collect as critical literature about other tannom work.
4. Write down Indian realities from the "Song of Hiawatha".
5. Produce formal and morphological-syntactic analysis.
6. To classify the realities into thematic groups based on the analysis.
7. Analyze the poetic and stylistic functions of the realities in the Song of Hiawatha.
8. And lay down the results obtained .
During the execution of the assigned tasks, we used the following methods:
1. A bad sample of Native American realities from the text “ The song of Hiawatha ”.
2. A naliz (phonetic, lexico-semantic, syntactic, stylistic).
3. l assifikatsiya selected examples.
4. C ontextual study of the material under study.
5. About the scripture .
The proposed thesis consists of 3 chapters. The first chapter gives some information about the concept of "reality" and about some of the features of the work of Longfellow " The song of Hiawatha ". The second chapter is devoted to the analysis of the form of representation of realities in the "Song of Hiawatha", morphological-syntactic and semantic-thematic analysis of the revealed realities. The third chapter reflects a poetic stylistic analysis of the functioning of realities in the poem⁵.
1. The concept of "reality".
In this chapter, we propose to consider the concept of "reality" in linguistic and cultural studies, and also to give some information about the work of Longfellow " The song of Hiawatha ". The word "realia" itself is a Latin plural neuter adjective (realis). They designate "an object, a thing" materially existing or existing, often connecting in meaning with the concept of "life". The realities as carriers of color, concrete, visible elements of national identity were spoken about in the 50s, writes GD Tomakhin in his work “Realities of Americanism” [18; 16], where he cites mainly Russian authors G.V. Shatkova, L.I. Sobolev, professor A.A. Reformatorsky, who calls words of this kind barbarisms, V.P. Berkov, who considers them exoticism , and, as it seems to us, GD Tomakhin gives the most accurate and complete definition of realities. Therefore, we will consider the encountered realities throughout the work, adhering to the point of view of Professor GD Tomakhin⁶.
About realities, as carriers of color, concrete, visible elements of national identity, they started talking somewhere in the early 50s [9, 14].
According to the definition of G.D. Tomakhina's realities are the names of objects of material culture inherent only to certain nations and peoples, facts of history, state institutions, the names of national and folklore heroes, mythological creatures, etc. When comparing languages, the words denoting these phenomena are classified as non-equivalent vocabulary. Non-equivalent are words that serve to express concepts that are absent in another culture and, as a rule, do not have equivalents outside the language to which they belong .
The very word “realia” is a Latin plural neuter adjective (realis), which has become a noun under the influence of similar lexical categories . In reality, the closeness between language and culture is most clearly manifested. In general, reality is a very complex material, linguistic, grammatical and lexical concept.
G. D. Tomakhin believes that the emergence of new realities in the material and spiritual life of society leads to the emergence of realities in the language, and the time of the emergence of new realities can be established quite accurately, since the vocabulary is sensitive to all changes in social life. Reality penetrates into other languages, in general, regardless of the familiarity of the corresponding people with the object it denotes, more often from literature and / or through media channels. She is received for a while, and she stays with the people who have received her, sometimes for a day, sometimes for a year, and sometimes, she settles in so much that it turns into a borrowed word, enriching or clogging the language.
In terms of content, a distinctive feature of realities is the nature of their subject content, that is, a close connection denoted by the reality of an object, concept, phenomenon with a people or country on the one hand and a historical period of time on the other. Consequently, the realities are inherent in the corresponding national or historical flavor⁷.
The concept of "color" has the meaning of "a set of features (epoch and locality), the originality of something." This is the coloration of a word that it acquires due to the belonging of its denotation to a given people, a specific country, a specific historical epoch. Realities also have a temporary flavor. As a linguistic phenomenon most closely related to culture, these lexical units quickly respond to all changes in the development of society; among them it is always possible to single out realities - neologisms, historicisms, archaisms. Neologisms are words denoting realities that have arisen in a given period. Historicisms are words for dead realities. The realities also include quotes, catchwords and expressions (realities of the aphoristic level) and various kinds of treatment.
The decisive factor when referring any phenomena to realities is the national coloration of their referents, which is so obvious that they can in no way be attributed to the national characteristics of the culture of any other country, except for the country that gave rise to these realities. Observations have shown that the overwhelming majority of realities are nouns. Among the realities, verbal nouns are almost never found, which is explained by the lack of content of the realities of a “certain action”. But there are derivatives from realities. A special group of such derivatives is made up of abbreviated adjectives. For example: vershok, arshinny, sazhenny, kopeck, ruble. Their meaning is associated with the meaning of the reality from which they originated. In the direct meaning, these are relative adjectives, for the most part they do not have adjective equivalents in other languages. The adjective can take on both direct and figurative meaning⁸.
From the above, the appearance of realities emerges as a special category of means of expression: words (phrases) that name objects characteristic of the life (everyday life, culture, social and historical development) of one people and alien to another; being carriers of national and / or historical flavor, they, as a rule, do not have exact correspondences (equivalents) in other languages, and, therefore, do not lend themselves to translation “on a common basis”, requiring a special approach.

2.