In the mechanism of complication, the fundamental tendency of the

parts of speech or word classes. 
The singular and plural form the category of number. 
Nominative, accusative, dative, genitive and other cases form the category 
of case. 
Present, preterite (imperfect, perfect), future and other tenses form the 
category of time. 
The indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods form the 
category of mood. 
Active, passive and middle (medial) voices form the category of voice
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. 
First, second and third persons form the category of person. Masculine, 
feminine and neuter form the gender category. The correspondence between 
external and grammatical categories is never complete; everywhere we find the 
strangest and most unexpected crossings and intersections. Let's take a look at 
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Chukhlanov V. Yu. et al. Syntactic foams based on hollow ceramic microspheres and a binder 
oligomethylsilsesquioxane // Butlerov Communications. - 2018. - T. 56. - No. 10. - S. 107-111.
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Zolina O. E. Syntactic means of the language and their stylistic role in advertising texts // Moscow. – 2006.

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the following example. This example clearly shows that although the language 
lacks logical precision, it is still quite understandable. Compare the following 
statements: 
1. Man is intelligent - Man is intelligent. 
2.Men were deceivers ever - Men have always been deceivers. 
Considering these examples from the point of view of grammar, we see 
that (not to mention the difference in the nominal part of the predicate) they 
differ in that in one case they represent the singular, and in the other - the plural, 
in one case - the present tense, and in the other, the past. 
However, both sentences say something about the whole class; only the 
class itself is different in both cases: in the first case, humanity as a whole is 
meant, regardless of sex, in the second, only the male part of humanity; thus, in 
the grammatical difference of numbers, the difference of gender is implied. On 
the other hand, although in these examples we meet different tense forms, the 
differences in time are not meant: the first statement does not refer only to the 
present moment, and the second does not only refer to the past. In both cases, a 
statement is made that does not distinguish between the present and the past and 
extends to all times. 
Therefore, it must be recognized that, along with syntactic categories, or 
besides them, or behind these categories, depending on the structure of each 
language, in the form in which it exists, there are also extralinguistic categories 
that do not depend on the more or less accidental facts of existing languages. . 
These categories are universal in that they apply to all languages, although they 
are rarely expressed in those languages in a clear and unambiguous way. Some 
of them refer to such facts of the external world as gender, others to mental 

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activity or logic. The task of the grammarian is to understand in each specific 
case the relationship that exists between the conceptual and syntactic categories. 
Philosophers distinguish three types of thought: message, question, 
motivation. This position has been developed in linguistics in the allocation of 
sentences according to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative and 
incentive. The degree of articulation of a thought is a determining condition for 
distinguishing the structural-semantic types of a simple sentence: two-part-
single-part, articulating and indivisible. 
However, covering the issues of modern approaches to the problems of 
syntax, it must be said that we are talking about strictly defined directions. 
Based on the specific nature of syntactic units - multidimensionality - for a more 
complete study of them, in most cases, a synthesis of the achievements of 
various approaches is required, which led to the emergence of structural-
semantic, structural-formal, structural-functional, communicative-functional, 
logical-structural approaches for a broader consideration linguistic and speech 
means. 
syntax allows speakers to communicate complex thoughts by organizing 
small, simple units. For example, in English, a sentence may be as simple as a 
one-word interjection, or it may be a long composition with several paragraphs 
drawn together. Human language is unlimited because even within the rules of 
syntax, people can generate new sentences or phrases to express new ideas or 
experiences. 

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