In the mechanism of complication, the fundamental tendency of the

Subject of research 
are common and distinctive features of sentences in 
English and Uzbek. 
Research methods. 
The dissertation applied the methods of linguistic 
description, 
comparative-typological 
(comparative), 
semantic-stylistic, 
diachronic, synchronous, component analysis, statistical analysis; as well as 
lexical-syntactic and lexical-semantic methods. 
Reliability of results 
research is determined by the use of approaches, 
methods, theoretical data from reliable sources in the dissertation work; articles 
published in journals recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission for 
the publication of the main results of doctoral dissertations, in foreign scientific 
journals, collections of republican and international scientific-theoretical, 
scientific-practical conferences, implementation of conclusions, suggestions and 
recommendations into practice, confirmation of the results obtained by 
competent structures. 
Publication of research results
. On the topic of the dissertation, 3 
scientific papers were published, including 2 articles in scientific journals 
recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan for the publication of the main scientific results of doctoral 
dissertations. 
The structure and scope of the dissertation
. The dissertation consists of 
an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and applications. 
The total volume of the dissertation is __ pages. 
 
 

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I CHAPTER. THE PROBLEM OF SYNTACTICS IN MODERN 
LINGUISTICS. 
 
1.1. Scientific approaches in the field of syntax in modern linguistics
In the modern period, language is seen as a system. This is considered an 
achievement of structuralism. Despite the differences in the approaches of the 
schools of structural linguistics, from a methodological point of view, they all 
supported the idea of combining the concepts of structure and system. This, in 
turn, contributed to the study of the system-structural model. This approach is 
considered fruitful in the opinion of most modern linguists. Since the emergence 
of linguistic science, questions related to the structure of the language have 
attracted the attention of linguists. Despite the fact that the object of structural 
linguistics is the structure of a language, not every structural linguistics that 
studies the structure of a language can be considered linguistics. Like all other 
areas of linguistics, structural linguistics has an object of study, methods and 
methods. From this point of view, 
The methodological theory develops while retaining certain traditional 
components. To date, the search for the most effective methods of teaching 
translation is of particular relevance in areas where computer technology cannot 
replace a professional. An indispensable component of training was the use of 
fiction in the original language as educational materials, which authentically 
reflects the language of native speakers, as well as their mentality, which 
increases the success of the implementation of the learning process. Immersion 
of students in the language environment through reading fiction in the original 
facilitates the assimilation of both vocabulary and structure of the language. 

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Literary texts as a material for teaching foreign languages provide a wide range 
of linguistic and cultural information and at the same time are an effective 
incentive for students to develop the ability to express their thoughts in the 
target language. The formation of communicative competence as the ability and 
ability to communicate in a foreign language is a key goal of teaching a foreign 
language. 
Syntax, in the classical sense, a set of grammatical rules of a language 
related to the construction of units longer than a word: a phrase and a sentence
1
. 
Translated from Greek, the word "syntax" means "construction" and 
directly indicates the need to streamline the units of the language. The 
emergence of syntax in our lives is caused by the need for people to 
communicate, their desire to organize their speech in such a way as to best 
convey information and emotions. In other words, small units of language - 
words - are not enough to express the diversity of human emotions and the 
complexity of thoughts; for full communication, larger - syntactic - units are 
needed
2
. 
The word "syntax" itself is literally translated from the Greek word, as it 
means "order". Under this concept, it is indicated that it is necessary to arrange 
individual units of the language - words. The presence of syntax in the life of 
any person is associated with the need of mankind for communication, the 
desire to build one's speech in such a way that one can more clearly convey 
one's thoughts and emotions. That is, a person cannot convey all his thoughts 
1
Luneva E. A. Substantiation of a general approach to understanding and translating the syntax of foreign language 
fiction // Matrix of scientific knowledge. – 2020. – no. 6. - S. 456-463.
2
Rakhmanova G. N. The concept of syntactic categories in English and Russian. – 2017.

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and emotions, but uses more complex speech elements in his speech - this is a 
phrase, sentence, text. 
The main syntactic units are a phrase, a sentence, a text. A phrase is a 
combination of words related in meaning and grammatically. In the process of 
communication, we often encounter facts of incorrect construction of phrases. 
So, from the point of view of syntax, combinations of words will turn out to be 
erroneous in which either the semantic or grammatical connection is broken: a 
mouse man, a terrible beauty (the semantic relationship is broken), or a 
beautiful girl, meet a friend (the grammatical connection is not established 
correctly). 
“Within the language-as-a-system there establish themselves certain 
definite types of relations between words, word-combinations, sentences and 
also between larger spans of utterances. The branch of language science which 
studies the types of relations between the units enumerated is called syntax»
3
. 
This is how the concept of “syntax” was defined by I.R. Galperin. 
“Syntax is a section of grammar that characterizes the rules for creating 
sentences, as well as phrases” - this is how this concept is formulated, the 
essence of grammar and morphology contributes to their distribution into 
sections of grammar
4
. 
There are many different definitions of syntax; however, all of them, 
despite the fact that they do not coincide in certain particulars and details, quite 
clearly reveal the following two understandings of syntax: according to the first 
definition, syntax is the doctrine of the phrase, and, according to the second 
definition, syntax is the doctrine of the sentence. It follows from what has been 
3
Galperin I. R. Stylistics of the English language. M.: Higher school, 1981. S. 316. 
4
Buryakova D. I. Syntax of a literary text of the 20th-20th centuries: structural and cognitive aspects. – 2021.

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said that, as a subject of syntax, it is necessary to single out both sentences as 
such and combinations of words that are part of sentences; neither one nor the 
other, taken separately, is the subject of syntax as a whole. Syntax is a science 
that studies both the rules for combining words and the rules for constructing 
sentences from these combinations. What will be discussed in this work. 
Modern syntax is an intensively developed section of grammar. Within its 
framework, a number of trends and directions are clearly distinguished with 
their methodological base, scientific, conceptual and categorical apparatus, with 
their ideas, principles and achievements, founders and supporters. These 
include: 
1) transformational syntax of the language; 
2) grammar of direct constituents; 
3) positional syntax of the language; 
4) communicative syntax; 
5) functional syntax; 
6) logical syntax; 
7) cognitive syntax; 
8) semantic syntax; 
9) constructive syntax; 
10) syntactic pragmatics; 
11) paradigmatic-syntagmatic approach to the study of phrases and 
sentences; 
12) statistical syntax; 
13) syntactic modeling; 
14) historical syntax; 

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15) comparative and typological syntax, etc.
5
. 
Thus, syntax is before us as a complex and multifaceted tier of the 
language, requiring its study from various positions and points of view. 
Knowledge of the plurality and complementarity of approaches to the study of 
syntax is important for the development of a general theory of the syntax of a 
language. 
It is worth noting that in the process of speech, the speaker constantly 
creates new sentences, but extremely rarely new words, which is a creative 
aspect of syntax and language. Thus, we can conclude that syntax is a branch of 
grammar that studies the generation of speech - the formation of a theoretically 
unlimited set of sentences and texts from a limited set of words. 
A sentence is a combination of words that are related in meaning and 
grammatically and have a grammatical basis. The grammatical basis can be 
represented by the subject and the predicate or only one of the main members. 
The sentence as the minimum unit of human speech has intonation and semantic 
completeness. Sentences containing one grammatical basis are called simple; 
more than one grammatical basis - complex. 
If the phrase is intended to name and define an object, action, phenomenon 
(good weather, meet a friend, very smart, etc.), then the sentence serves to 
reproduce thoughts, emotions, desires (How good!), Thus reflecting the activity 
of the intellect. 
A text is a group of sentences united into a whole by a theme and a main 
idea. The most important features of the text are semantic unity (common for 
the sentences that make it up, the theme), the presence of means of 
5
Sysolyatina A. A. Linguistic and cognitive approach to teaching the syntax of complex sentences // Diss. ... cand. 
ped. Sciences. Kirov. – 2013.

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communication between sentences (for example, unions or pronouns can act as 
means of communication), stylistic unity, paragraph division. 
In understanding the term “categorization”, we rely on the point of view of 
N. N. Boldyrev and define it as the division of the world into categories, i.e., the 
allocation of groups, classes, categories of similar objects and events in it 
(including conceptual categories as a generalization of specific meanings, or 
concepts). In other words, categorization is the summing up of everything that 
surrounds a person under certain general categories.
6
. 
In linguistic theory, the study of units of syntax is characterized by 
different approaches depending on what is being studied by linguists. Some 
scientists deal with the semantics of the sentence, others consider its structural 
features. And new achievements in the field of syntax are associated with 
communicative and functional areas and reveal the features of the functioning of 
sentences in a situational aspect. Language began to be studied and described in 
a speech situation, taking into account functions. This made it possible to most 
accurately explain the mechanisms operating in it.
7
. 
Let's dwell on several approaches to the study of syntax.