64
pragmatically and prioritize inclusiveness when managing the tension between
inclusiveness and speed. Thus, even in rapid onset emergencies, the proper
involvement of national actors is a must.
6.6 Stronger humanitarian identity, but threat to
humanitarian principles
118
Clusters strengthen the humanitarian orientation of actors involved in relief operations. By
the same token, they reinforce the split between humanitarian and development actors or
activities. In conflict situations, closer integration between different kinds of actors can also
threaten the humanitarian principles of independence, neutrality and impartiality.
119
Many organizations involved in humanitarian assistance also work in development
cooperation. Through the introduction of clusters and their link to humanitarian
funding mechanisms, these organizations increase their focus on humanitarian
activities. Clusters strengthen Humanitarian Country Teams or their equivalents and
the identity of their members as humanitarians. This can be clearly observed in the
oPt. On the one hand, this effect is positive because it increases the number of actors
working in and resources available for humanitarian aid and spreads the humanitarian
way of operating. The effect’s negative traits include emphasis on a short-term focus
and possible de-politicization of situations, such as in the oPt. It also exacerbates the
split between humanitarian and development activities and fora.
120
In certain situations, clusters also risk undermining humanitarian principles.
When it is no longer voluntary, closer cooperation threatens to undermine
independence, neutrality and impartiality for example when humanitarian
organizations are financially dependent on clusters or their lead agencies, or
when clusters or their leads have close links to integrated missions, peacekeeping
operations, governments or other actors that are parties to the conflict.
60
Many
humanitarian actors consider it inappropriate to pass information relating to the
situation and protection issues to actors involved in the conflict. This can occur,
for example, because the representative of the High Commissioner for Human
Rights who participates in Protection Cluster meetings simultaneously serves as
head of human rights components in peace missions. While this can improve the
information flow between different actors, the threat posed by these situations to
humanitarian principles has been an important concern for a number of NGOs and
other humanitarian organizations.
61
It has deterred their active participation in the
cluster approach, especially in highly politicized contexts such as Chad, Somalia
or Afghanistan. In Haiti, for example, the ICRC withdrew from the Protection
60 Cf. for
example Oxfam Briefing Paper, “Missing pieces? Assessing the impact
of humanitarian reform in
Pakistan”, 1 October 2009.
61 Cf. for example Pouligny (2004), Derderian et al. (2007) and ICVA (2006).
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