C H A P T E R 1 8
T H E M A R K E T S F O R T H E FA C T O R S O F P R O D U C T I O N
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leisure is now greater, but you are also richer than you were before. You might
decide that with your extra wealth you can now
afford to enjoy more leisure;
in this case, your labor supply curve would slope backwards. In Chapter 21, we
discuss this possibility in terms of conflicting effects on your labor-supply deci-
sion (called income and substitution effects). For now, we ignore the possibility of
backward-sloping labor supply and assume that the labor supply curve is upward
sloping.
W H AT C A U S E S T H E L A B O R S U P P LY C U R V E T O S H I F T ?
The labor supply curve shifts whenever people change the amount they want to
work at a given wage. Let’s now consider some of the events that might cause such
a shift.
C h a n g e s i n Ta s t e s
In 1950, 34 percent of women were employed at paid
jobs or looking for work. In 1998, the number had risen to 60 percent. There are, of
course, many explanations
for this development, but one of them is changing
tastes, or attitudes toward work. A generation
or two ago, it was the norm for
women to stay at home while raising children. Today, family sizes are smaller, and
more mothers choose to work. The result is an increase in the supply of labor.
C h a n g e s i n A l t e r n a t i v e O p p o r t u n i t i e s
The supply of labor in any
one labor market depends on the opportunities available in other labor markets. If
the wage earned by pear pickers suddenly rises, some apple pickers may choose to
switch occupations. The supply of labor in the market for apple pickers falls.
I m m i g r a t i o n
Movements of
workers from region to region, or country to
country, is an obvious and often important source of shifts in labor supply. When
immigrants
come to the United States, for instance,
the supply of labor in the
United States increases and the supply of labor in the immigrants’ home countries
contracts. In fact, much of the policy debate about immigration centers on its effect
on labor supply and, thereby, equilibrium in the labor market.
Q U I C K Q U I Z :
Who has a greater opportunity cost of enjoying leisure—a
janitor or a brain surgeon? Explain. Can this help
explain why doctors work
such long hours?
E Q U I L I B R I U M I N T H E L A B O R M A R K E T
So far we have established two facts about how wages are determined in compet-
itive labor markets:
◆
The wage adjusts to balance the supply and demand for labor.
◆
The wage equals the value of the marginal product of labor.
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PA R T S I X
T H E E C O N O M I C S O F L A B O R M A R K E T S
At first, it might seem surprising that the wage can do both these things at once. In
fact, there is no real puzzle here, but understanding why there is no puzzle is an
important step to understanding wage determination.
Figure 18-4 shows the labor market in equilibrium. The wage and the quantity
of labor have adjusted to balance supply and demand. When the market is in this
equilibrium, each firm has bought as much labor as it finds profitable at the equi-
librium wage. That is, each firm has followed the rule for profit maximization: It
has hired workers until the value of the marginal product equals the wage. Hence,
the wage must equal the value of marginal product of labor once it has brought
supply and demand into equilibrium.
This brings us to an important lesson:
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