I-bob the category analysis of the parts of speech in English and Uzbek languages

1. Empirical Research:

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  Conducted surveys and interviews with native speakers of English and Uzbek to gather data on their perceptions, preferences, and difficulties in forming noun plurals.
  
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  The survey included questions related to regular and irregular plural forms, exceptions, and the usage of quantifiers or context in expressing plurality.
  
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  The data revealed interesting findings. English speakers expressed familiarity with the formation of plural nouns using suffixes like "-s" and "-es." They also acknowledged the presence of irregular plural forms, such as "children" or "geese." In contrast, Uzbek speakers highlighted the importance of context and quantifiers to indicate plurality, such as using words like "bir necha" (a few) or "ko'p" (many) with singular nouns.
  

2. 
   Corpus Analysis:
   

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  Utilized existing linguistic corpora and created a custom corpus of English and Uzbek texts encompassing various genres.
  
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  Analyzed the corpus to examine the frequency and distribution of plural noun forms in each language.
  
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  The analysis revealed distinct patterns. In English, plural forms such as adding "-s" or "-es" were observed frequently. Irregular plurals were found but with lower frequency. In Uzbek, contextual cues and quantifiers were more prevalent in expressing plurality, with less reliance on distinct plural noun forms.
  

3.2 The difficulties in translating compound nouns in English and Uzbek nouns.

The translation of compound nouns between English and Uzbek presents its own set of difficulties. In English, compound nouns are often formed by combining two or more words to create a new noun with a specific meaning. For example, "bookshelf" combines "book" and "shelf" to refer to a shelf used for books. Translating compound nouns from English to Uzbek requires understanding the individual components and finding appropriate equivalents in the target language. However, Uzbek takes a different approach to compound nouns. Rather than combining words to form a single noun, Uzbek often uses noun phrases or constructs sentences to express the same idea. For instance, instead of a compound noun like "bookshelf" Uzbek may use a noun phrase like "shelf for books" or construct a sentence like "a shelf where books are placed."
This difference in approach poses challenges when translating compound nouns between English and Uzbek. It requires a deep understanding of the underlying meaning and cultural context associated with the compound noun, as well as the ability to express it concisely through a single word or phrase. To overcome these challenges, translators and language learners need to analyze the meaning of compound nouns, consider cultural and contextual factors, and explore equivalent expressions or constructs in the target language. Providing examples, exercises, and case studies that demonstrate the complexities of translating compound nouns can enhance understanding and proficiency in both English and Uzbek. The translation of compound nouns from English to Uzbek and vice versa can be intricate due to variations in linguistic structures, cultural associations, and the availability of equivalent expressions. Compound nouns in English are often created by combining two or more words to form a new word with a specific meaning. Translating such compound nouns requires identifying the individual components and finding suitable equivalents in Uzbek.
In some cases, direct translation of English compound nouns into Uzbek may not be feasible or result in a natural-sounding expression. Uzbek typically employs noun phrases or constructs sentences to convey the same meaning as English compound nouns. This approach ensures clarity and precision, albeit through a different syntactic structure.
For example, the English compound noun "laptop computer" can be challenging to translate into Uzbek as a single-word equivalent. Instead, one might use a noun phrase such as "kompyuter uchun noutbuk" (laptop for computer) or rephrase it as a sentence, such as "noutbuk, kompyuter uchun ishlatiladi" (laptop is used for computers).
Translating compound nouns between English and Uzbek necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the semantic relationship between the components and consideration of cultural context. Translators and language learners should engage in deep analysis, cultural exploration, and employ appropriate translation strategies to capture the intended meaning effectively.⁵
A model is a conventional representation of the translating process describing
mental operations by which the source text or some part of it may be translated, irrespective of whether these operations are actually performed by the translator. It may describe the translating process either in a general form or by listing a number of specific operations (or transformations) through which the process can, in part, be realized. Translation models can be oriented either toward the situation reflected in the ST contents or toward the meaningful components of the ST contents. The existing models of the translating process are, in fact, based on the same assumptions which we considered in discussing the problem of equivalence, namely, the situatiоna1 (or referential) model is based on the identity of the situations described in the original text and in the translation, and the semantic-transformational model postulates the similarity of basic notions and nuclear structures in different languages. These postulates are supposed to explain the dynamic aspects of translation. In other words, it is presumed that the translator actually makes a mental travel from the original to some interlingual level of equivalence and then further on to the text of translation. In the situational model this intermediate level is extralinguistic. This is the first step of the process, i.e. the break-through to the situation. The second step is for the translator to describe this situation in the target language. Thus the process goes from the text in one language through the extralinguistic situation to the text in another language. The translator first understands what the original is about and then says “the same things” in TL.
Types of words according to their formation. Words divide into three types due to their formation: simple word, compound word and couple word. The words which are formed only by a core - component are called simple words. For example: ota, ona, suv, yaxshi, chiroyli.
Composite words are usually build by adding affix to the care component. For example: gul - chi, suv - chi, terimchi. We can also form compound and noun words by uniting the two or more than two care – words. For example: qo’lqop, beshiktervatar, o’qibbermoq, temiryo’l, teleminora. We can form a couple word also by two various meaningful care words. They are couple words. For example: katta – kichik, ona – bola, ota – bola, u–bu, uch–to’rt. Compound words and the ways of their writing. Nouns which are formed by the conjunction of two or more than two meaningful core– components are called compound nouns. The parts of a compound noun actually be in syntactic relations as followings:
1) attribute + (aniqlanmish): qo’lningqopi - qo’lqop, tomningorqasi - tomorqa,
sholiningpoyasi - sholipoya.
2) object + predicate: molniboqar – molboqar, muzniyorar – muzyorar.
3) modifier + predicate: bosiboldi – bosvoldi, beshotar – beshotar.
The following types of compound nouns are written together:
1) compound nouns which mean nation and are pronounced with one prime stress. For example: gultojixo’roz, qovoqari, belbog’.
2) сompound nouns which are participle and second part of them are formed by the
suffix - ar. For example: molboqar, otboqar.
3) the names of geographic places which the second part compound nouns are formed by a common noun. For example: Oqdaryo, O’rtasaroy, Ko’kbuloq, Oltiariq.
4) common component nouns which have the affixes aro, umum, butun. For example:
xalqaro, umumxalq, butunittifoq.
The following types of compound nouns are written separately:
1. compound nouns which the second part of them are formed by nominal nouns. For example: butunrossiya, umumovrupa.
2. compoundnouns whose first parts are adjective and second parts are nominal nouns.
For example: O’rtaChirchiq, KichikOsiyo, Ko’xnaUrganch.
3. compound nouns which mean the names of dynasty and (personal) sex. For example:
Muxammadrizo, Muxammad Yusuf, MunavvaraMurodqizi. simple, compound and
couple adjectives, the way of their writing.
The first part of the first type above is usually considered a noun the noun part is called a leader part and the latter part is called (ko’makchi) part. The parts of second type of compound verbs are taken from verbs usually .The first part is actually taken from (ravishdosh) with the conjunctive -b, (-ib). It is considered the leading part because it carries the lexical meaning which compound verb has the second part is called auxiliary verb. Auxiliary verb serves for the formation of compound verb and add various meanings to it at the same time. For example: ishlab tur (the duration of action), ishlab bo’l (the end of action), ishlab yur (repetition of the action). The parts of compound are written separately. Compound verbs like ayta oldi, ko’ra olmadi are written together as following: aytoldi, ko’roldi. There are also other examples: sunday – yakshanba, landesman – hamshahar, hamqishloq, eyebrow – qosh, motherland – onayurt, landholder – yeregasi, landlady – mehmonxona, mehmonxonaegasi, hook – and - ladder – o’to’chirishmashinasi, dog – in – a blanket - pudingningbirturi, bread – and – butter - buterbrod, man – of - war - harbiykema, mother – in – law -qaynona, forget – me not – bo’tako’z, lazy – bones - dangasa, knife – grinder - pichoqcharxlovchi, shoe – maker - kosib, etikdo’z.
The structural similarity of ST and TT implies that relationships of equivalence are established between correlated units in the two texts. TL units in TT that are used to render the meaning of the respective SL units in ST can be said to substitute for the latter as their functional equivalents (or correspondences). Since language units are often used in their accepted meanings many SL units have regular equivalents in TL which are used in numerous TT as substitutes to those units.⁶
Translating compound nouns between English and Uzbek poses several difficulties, primarily due to the differences in linguistic structures and cultural associations. Compound nouns in English often have specific meanings that are not easily captured through literal translation into Uzbek. One of the challenges is finding appropriate equivalents for English compound nouns in Uzbek. Since Uzbek typically expresses the same idea using noun phrases or sentence constructs, translators need to carefully analyze the meaning and context of the compound noun to convey it accurately in Uzbek. Cultural associations also play a significant role in the translation of compound nouns. English compound nouns often carry cultural connotations that may not have direct counterparts in Uzbek. Translators must consider cultural context, norms, and expectations to find suitable expressions in Uzbek that convey the intended meaning without losing cultural relevance. Moreover, the structure of compound nouns can vary between the two languages. English compound nouns can be formed through the combination of nouns, adjectives, or verbs, whereas Uzbek typically relies on noun phrases or complete sentences to express the same idea. This structural difference further complicates the translation process and requires a deep understanding of the underlying semantic relationships and linguistic nuances.
To overcome these translation difficulties, translators must possess a high level of linguistic proficiency in both English and Uzbek. They should employ strategies such as paraphrasing, adapting cultural context, and utilizing syntactic transformations to convey the meaning of compound nouns accurately in the target language.
Idioms.
Idioms in English can also be confused with proverbs and phrasal verbs. They are a necessary part of the daily communication of the population of any English-speaking country. We also find many ideomas in English in fairy tales. Idioms are usually used in informal communication. writers and poets also use it in their work. Often, when translating ideomas into another language, translation does not cause problems. But when one of the words in the idiom is used in a portable sense, it becomes difficult to give it a translation. In English, there are several types of idioms, each of which requires a separate approach to translation. The first type of word combination is adjective + noun type. Their semantic structure differs greatly from each other. This determines the nature and quality of the horse used in the compound. If we take the combination of free educational institution in English, the word free has nothing to do with the word institution, which means that in some cases adjectives can also represent concepts related to it, in addition to the characteristics and quality of the horse. Another example: when translating a medical man combination in English, the method used to translate a stout person combination cannot be used. A stout person in English is translated into Uzbek as "fullcoming" or "fat man". When translating the combination a medical man in English into Uzbek, literal translation is not correct. Here, two words represent one meaning and turn to "doctor". In Uzbek, we can also find many combinations that represent such a single meaning. For example: mountain goat, blonde hair, wristwatch and hoka zo. There are also cases when a horse can be identified by several qualities. A horse can come as determined in this. For example, like an iron wife, an inner house key. In English, in most cases it is difficult to determine which are the words that have identified nouns (these can be both nouns and adjectives). For example, it is not easy to understand at first glance what the combination of retail philanthropy business means, since it can be understood in two ways. In Uzbek, such cases are practically not encountered. Another feature of English expressions occurs when the noun is omitted from the adjective that identifies it.
For example, if we take the phrase dry Pru. The literal translation of this phrase will be "dry butash". The meaning of the word combination represents a shrub made when the branches of the tree are dry. In the process of translation, it is necessary to take into account the semantic and structural features of word combinations. In doing so, it is recommended to first take the noun in translation, since no matter how the defined manual it all identifies the noun and the noun represents the most important meaning in the sentence. The task of the translator's case is to distinguish groups of meanings in the sentence. When the meaning group of a sentence is distinguished, the type of grammatical relationship between a noun and an adjective is determined. Words and words that came before the noun, clarify it, which can be translated if the word is translated from English into Uzbek, based on the rules of Uzbek grammar, and vice versa, if the word is translated from Uzbek into English, based on the norms of English grammar.In the vast majority of cases, the composition of English and Uzbek free combinations may also coincide in two languages: Strategic Arms restriction treatment - Strategic Arms restriction agreement. There are several ways to translate phrases that are determinants in such content: in the identified Uzbek language, which came before the noun in English, it is also translated in this order: a cheap ticket - a cheap ticket, an expressive word - an expressive word. The phrase, which comes in the form of an English horse+horse, is translated just like the above, in which several phrases can correspond to the phrase in Uzbek: opposition leaderleader of the opposition, leader of the opposition. English phrases that define the noun are translated into Uzbek using conjunctions: youth unemployment - youth unemployment. Identified in English and the horse can be translated into Uzbek through an interpreter: his millionaire friend is his millionaire friend. Sometimes part of English phrases can be translated in a pictorial way, that is, using a few words: a bargain counter - goods store, the price of which is reduced. When translating phrases that are determinant in the composition of the English language, in most cases it is necessary and recommended to change a specific word or noun in the composition of the phrase to another noun. For example, free educational institutions should be translated into Uzbek as "free educational institutions", since the word free has to do with the word educational, and not with the noun institutions. The same opinion is also related to the Parliament Labour Party compound. The translation of this phrase into Uzbek as "parliamentary faction of the Labour Party" fully complies with the rule of Uzbek grammar. In order to give the translation in full, in some cases it would be appropriate to translate the determinant with another noun applied in the same sentence.
Let's take a look at the combination of titles of the dismal array as an example. The literal translation of this phrase into Uzbek undermines the meaning, so it is necessary to translate it as the sum of the worst (audible or not pleasing to the ear) nicknames for the fact that the determinant of the word dismal has identified not the horse of the titles, but the horse of the array. In most cases, identifiable phrases in English are translated into Uzbek with adverbial phrases: to be to have to give + a + N phrase to take. Examples above can be cited as follows: to have a good sleep - Sleep Well clarified, to To explore the challenges of translating compound nouns between English and Uzbek, practical work involved analyzing real-world translation examples and conducting translation exercises. take a deep breath - take a deep breath, to give a loud whistle - whistle hard, to have a good lunch - eat a good, tasty meal and so on. When translating from English into Uzbek, there are cases when, under the influence of various extrolinguistic factors, there are verb expressions in the composition of sentences and their structure completely changes.
Translation of movable or figurative stable compounds requires special attention. The main feature of such phrases is characterized by the fact that it is difficult to realize from the sum of their components.The meaning of stable combinations does not come from words taken separately, but from their sum. The image-based stable combinations ensure that the text is expressive and the stylist is ically painted. The coloring of the text of the original is also reflected in the translation and requires the complete preservation of the means of expression. In order to ensure the expressiveness and coloring of the text, the translator will have to find in the translation text a variant of both adequate and figurative stable combinations. The literature published on the theory of translation provides information that there are four ways to translate such combinations. They consist of: 1) keeping the image as it is;
2) partially changing the image;
3) replacing the image with a completely different image;
4) not keeping the image entirely in translation or dropping it.
Usually universal or internationalized images are fully preserved in translation. Such phraseological combinations will be based on historical, legendary, religious, mystical, mythological, etc. For example, in the seventh heaven. Such phraseological combinations are called the equivalents of the original in the translation language. Phraseological combinations with a complete equivalent in translation will cause almost no problems, since they will have the same value, meaning, method of expression and power of influence from both stylistic and pragmatic aspects. Sometimes there is an opportunity to preserve the figurative phraseological unit in the original, even if it has no alternative in the translation language. This can be achieved by calcining.
For example, nothing comes out of the sack but what was in the dog - bag, that would come out or go out in the pot to the Bari scoop. This method can be used only if the meaning of the figurative phraseological unit is transparent, that is, when everyone understands it easily. Although the words contained in phraseological combinations are used in a portable sense, when their lexical meaning is clear, the use of calculus in translating it facilitates understanding of the text, information in the text, as well as an idea in the text, providing translation alternatives. Calcification in most cases transforms figurative phraseological combinations into simple phraseological, that is, free combinations.⁷