TASKS THAT PAIR WELL
So what exactly can fit comfortably within attentional space?
Tasks take different amounts of attentional space depending on their complexity. A
meaningful conversation (as opposed to a casual one) fills up most, if not all, of it. That
conversation will suffer as a result of trying to cram too many other things into your
attentional space. When you leave your phone on the table during a conversation, for
example, you’re bound to be distracted by the possibility of incoming messages.
Not all tasks require this much attentional space. There are two kinds of tasks in our
life and work: habits, which we can perform without much thought and require minimal
attentional space, and complex tasks, which can be done well only with dedicated
focus. Many experts argue that we can’t multitask, which is often true for tasks that
require focus to do properly and thus occupy a larger amount of attentional space. But
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the same is not true for habits
—in fact, we’re able to multitask
surprisingly well
with
habits. Though we may not be able to carry on two conversations simultaneously, we
can walk, breathe, and chew bubblegum while we listen to an audiobook
—the last task
being one that will easily occupy what’s left of our attention.
Habitual tasks like cutting your nails, doing the laundry, archiving emails you’ve
already read, and grocery shopping don’t require nearly as much attention as more
complex tasks. This makes it possible to multitask without compromising the quality of
your actions. Every Sunday I like to lump my personal, relatively rote “maintenance
tasks” together—tasks that help me maintain who I am, like preparing meals, trimming
my nails, and cleaning the house
—and do them all in an allotted period of time while
listening to podcasts or an audiobook. It’s easily one of my favorite weekly rituals. You
can do the same, for example, on your daily commute: if you listen to an audiobook
during that routine, hourlong trip, you’ll be able to read an extra book each week by
utilizing the attention freed by a habitual task.
Habits take up very little attentional space, because they take little thought once we
get going with them. As cognitive neuroscientist Stanislas Dehaene, author of
Consciousness and the Brain
, told me, “If you think of habits such as playing the piano,
dressing, shaving, or driving on a familiar route, these are so automatic that they do not
seem to prevent any conscious thought.” He says that while habits like these may
require some level of conscious
initiation
, once we begin the behavior, the rest of the
process takes care of itself. We may need to make conscious decisions occasionally
—
such as when we’re getting dressed and our usual Tuesday outfit is in the wash—but
after that intervention we can switch back to the rest of the habit sequence without
much thought. Dehaene believes that this process is “presumably driven by sequence-
related activity” in the brain. The brain even assists when we try to do more than one
habitual thing simultaneously, by rerouting blood flow away from the prefrontal cortex
—
the brain’s logic center—to the basal ganglia, which helps us run through the habitual
sequences of daily routines.
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Our attentional space can process even more when we’re working on unrelated
tasks. Take sorting and putting away the laundry while talking on the phone, for
example. These activities tap into several senses
—sorting laundry into our motor and
visual senses; the phone call into our auditory sense. Because we use different brain
reg
ions to process them, the tasks aren’t competing for the same mental resources.
There is a tipping point to attentional space, of course
—doing too many habitual tasks
at the same time will cause your attentional space to become overloaded. This is
especial
ly true if what you’re doing isn’t totally automatic and requires frequent mental
intervention. Ultimately the point is this: the number of habitual tasks we can fit into our
attentional space is much higher than the number of demanding ones.
Tasks that we
can’t
do out of habit
—such as reading a book, having a deep
conversation, or preparing a progress report for our boss
—consume significantly more
attentional space, because doing them well demands that we consciously manipulate
information on the fly. If we tried carrying on a conversation with our significant other out
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of habit, we’d probably not process or remember it and find ourselves falling back on
statements like “Yes, dear.”
If you divided your work tasks into the four categories I described in chapter 1 (
this
page
)
—an activity I highly recommend because I’ll be referencing it later—you’ll notice
that your most necessary and purposeful tasks can’t be done out of habit.
*
This is
exactly what makes these tasks so productive. You accomplish more in doing them
because they require focus and brainpower and take advantage of unique skill sets.
Anyone can do mindless work out of habit. This is one of the many reasons why
distracting tasks are so costly: while these tasks are attractive and stimulating (think
watching Netflix after a long day at the office instead of grabbing dinner with a friend),
they steal precious time from your most productive work.
Spending time on our most productive tasks means we usually have very little
attention to spare
—if there’s any left at all.
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Unlike habitual tasks, we aren’t able to fit two complex activities into our attentional
space at the same time. Remember, we can focus only on forty bits of information, and
a single complex task requires most of these bits
—and on top of this limit, we can
process only so much at one time. Since even moderately complex tasks consume
most of our attention, we’re
at
best
able to pair something habitual with a more complex
task.
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There is no easy way to predict how much attentional space a task will consume
—for
example, driving will demand much less if you’re an expert than if you’re a driver’s ed
student. You’re better able to chunk together information on the fly when you have
experience with a given task, which provides more freedom to focus on other things.
Another variable is the actual size of your attentional space
—a measure that’s different
for everyone.
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In summary, there are generally three combinations of tasks that fit comfortably
within your attentional space.
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