(5.11 TC)
Hurry up baby son all the boys is finished their breakfast. [Child talking in
the background] Here look there‟s Martin and Patrick goin out now and
Gerard
they
‟re all
they
‟re all finished. Do not go outside the gate inside
now boys.
As can be seen, in the extract
they
refers back to the initial mention of a number of
the young son‟s siblings,
Martin
,
Patrick
and
Gerard
. Therefore, generally, it seems
third person pronouns do not refer to any specific „participant role‟ in the immediate
137
context, though on occasion
they
can be used to refer to the speaker or listener
(Lyons, 1977: 638; Levinson, 1983: 69; Huang, 2007: 137).
Table 5.1 demonstrates that the personal pronouns
he
and
they
appear to be more
common in the general LCIE corpus than in either SettCorp or TravCorp. Table 5.1
illustrates that
they
occurs in 18
th
position in the LCIE frequency list but does not
occur in the top 25 words of either SettCorp or TravCorp. However, upon closer
examination of the corpus word frequency list
7
, THEY occurs with a frequency of
133 occurrences per 10,000 words in LCIE, and, therefore, THEY has a roughly
comparable frequency across the three corpora. Rühlemann (2007: 71-72) observes
that HE and SHE, and, by extension, THEY, are frequent in conversation for a
number of reasons. Firstly, as Biber
et al
. (1999: 335) note, similarly to
I
(see
Section 5.4),
he
,
she
,
we
and
they
are all prone to repetition because their early
clause positioning makes them vulnerable to a build-up of on-line planning pressure.
Secondly, Rühlemann (2007: 71) maintains that „conversationalists frequently
present extended stretches of past conversation which require the presenting speaker
frequently to insert reporting clauses such as
I said/says
or
He/She said/says
to mark
whose speech is being presented.‟ Similarly,
They said/say
can also be used to mark
a plural discourse-deictic reporting clause. Finally, Rühlemann (
ibid
.) claims that the
frequency of HE and SHE is high in casual conversation because of the presence of
conversational narrative, where conversational participants „exhibit a strong
tendency to relate what happened to them and/or others‟ (p. 71). Interestingly,
although narrative sequences are frequently associated with family discourse (see
Chapter 2), the structure
They said/say
only occurs on two occasions in SettCorp and
does not occur in TravCorp, although the issue of corpus size makes it difficult to
generalise about this finding.
Of note in relation to occurrences of
they*
(
they
,
they’d
,
they’ll
,
they’re
,
they’ve
) in
family discourse, is its frequency of use to refer to an „out-group‟ – for example,
objects that outside the immediate context of the conversation or people other than
the immediate family members.
Extract (5.12) illustrates the use of
they
(in bold) to
7
See Appendix D for the top 100 most frequent words in LCIE.
138
refer to an out-group. In the extract, the siblings are discussing gaining entrance to a
nightclub:
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