37
can move more quickly to what he refers to as
centering
, where a participant registers
his/her full involvement in conversation.
2.2.2
Power in family discourse
Ochs and Taylor (1992a: 301) believe that the power structure evident within family
discourse appears to be a universal one: „such administration of power is characteristic
of families everywhere and may occur whenever family members interact.‟ They
examined family narratives in a corpus of 100 family dinner narratives of middle-class,
white, two-parent American families. They described the family as a political
institution:
Families are political bodies in that certain members review, judge, formulate codes of
conduct, make decisions and impose sanctions that evaluate and impact the actions,
conditions, thoughts and feelings of other members (p. 301).
They point out that the construction of family narratives is a powerful medium for the
on-going (re)construction of the political structure of the family with its inherent power
differentials. They contend that the most powerful roles of narrative introducer, ratified
recipient and problematiser are occupied by the parents. They found that introducers
tend to be mothers, whereas the roles of ratified recipient and problematiser tend to be
exercised primarily by fathers. Children most often occupy the less powerful roles such
as protagonist and problematisee. However, they discovered that children are not
resourceless in family narrative activity. They can at times resist the most persistent
narrative interrogation and are adept at playing roles such as „wise guy‟ or „con artist‟ in
order to escape their parents‟ „continued narrative surveillance‟ (p. 337).
According to Watts (1991), the exercise of power in families is often enacted by
controlling the discourse topic. He maintains that discourse participants that can impose
a topic, shift a topic against the will of their co-participants, prevent a co-participant
from initiating or completing a topic or deny a co-participant discourse space through
interruption are generally those with the highest power and status. In respect to topic
39
(
ibid
.); the real conversational power rests with the father. They have labelled this
gender asymmetry „Father knows best‟.
Studies such as Ervin-Tripp
et al
. (1984) have noted that power in family discourse is
strongly affected by issues such as gender and age. For example,
they demonstrated how
young children are less successful than older ones at getting the attention of someone
who is already engaged in talk with another person. They contend that this is because
younger children fail to recognise transition-relevance cues such as topic changes which
would provide them with an opportunity to „break into‟ the conversation. In addition,
they discovered that mothers are more cooperative with the demands of their daughters
than with those of their sons. Therefore, any study of power should account for the
influence of macro-social factors of gender and/or age, and it is to these factors that
attention now turns.
2.2.3 Macro-social factors
and family discourse
Hudson (1996: 45) maintains that although the term register is widely used in
sociolinguistics to refer to „varieties according to use‟, the primary focus of
sociolinguistics is on
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