Human resource management practice I also available by michael armstrong



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Armstrongs Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice 1

Chapter 

10

  Organizational Behaviour

127

behaviour  patterns  in  a  stable  and  distinctive 

manner.’  As  noted  by  Ivancevich  et  al  (2008), 

personality  appears  to  be  organized  into  patterns 

that  are,  to  some  degree,  observable  and  measur-

able and involves both common and unique charac-

teristics – every person is different from every other 

person in some respects but similar to other people 

in other respects. Personality is a product of both 

nature (hereditary) and nurture (the pattern of life 

experience).  Personality  can  be  described  in  terms 

of traits or types.

Traits

Traits  are  predispositions  to  behave  in  certain  



ways in a variety of different situations. The leading 

model of personality traits is the following ‘big five’ 

classification  (Costa  and  McRae,  1992;  Digman, 

1990):


 



Openness – inventive/curious or consistent/

cautious.

 



Conscientiousness – efficient/organized or 

easy-going/careless.

 



Extraversion – outgoing/energetic or 



solitary/reserved.

 



Agreeableness – friendly/compassionate or 

cold/unkind.

 



Neuroticism – sensitive/nervous or secure/



confident.

The  assumption  that  people  are  consistent  in  the 

ways  they  express  these  traits  is  the  basis  for 

making  predictions  about  their  future  behaviour. 

We  all  attribute  traits  to  people  in  an  attempt  to 

understand  why  they  behave  in  the  way  they  do. 

But people do not necessarily express the same trait 

across different situations or even the same trait in 

the  same  situation.  Different  people  may  exhibit 

consistency in some traits and exhibit considerable 

variability in others.

Types


Type  theories  of  personality  identify  a  number  of 

types of personality that can be used to categorize 

people and may form the basis of a personality test. 

The types may be linked to descriptions of various 

traits.  One  of  the  most  widely  used  type  theories  

is  that  of  Jung  (1923).  He  identified  four  major 

preferences:

 



relating to other people – extraversion or 

introversion;

 



gathering information – sensing (dealing 



with facts that can be objectively verified),  

or intuitive (generating information through 

insight);

 



using information – thinking (emphasizing 

logical analysis as the basis for decision-

making), or feeling (making decisions based 

on internal values and beliefs);

 



making decisions – perceiving (collecting  



all the relevant information before making  

a decision), or judging (resolving the issue 

without waiting for a large quantity of data).

This is the basis of personality tests such as the Myers-

Briggs Types Indicator.

Types  should  be  distinguished  from  traits.  As 

Huczynski and Buchanan (2007: 142) put it: ‘Type 

approaches  fit  people  into  categories  possessing 

common  behaviour  patterns.  A  personality  trait,  

on  the  other  hand,  is  an  enduring  behaviour  that 

occurs  in  a  variety  of  settings.  While  individuals  

belong to types, traits belong to individuals.’




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