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Armstrongs Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice 1

Communications

The communications processes used in organizations 

have a marked effect on how it functions, especially 

if they take place through the network, which can 

then  turn  into  the  ‘grapevine’.  E-mails  encourage 

the  instant  flow  of  information  (and  sometimes  

produce  information  overload)  but  may  inhibit 

face-to-face  interactions,  which  are  often  the  best 

ways of doing things.

Group behaviour

Organizations consist of groups or teams of people 

working together. They may be set up formally as 

part of the structure or they may be informal gather-

ings. A group can be a permanent or a temporary 

feature in an organization. Interactions take place 

within and between groups and the degree to which 

these  processes  are  formalized  varies  according  to 

the organizational context.

Formal  groups  or  teams  are  created  by  organ-

izations  to  achieve  a  defined  purpose.  People  are 

brought together with the necessary skills to carry 

out  the  tasks  and  a  system  exists  for  directing, 

coordinating and controlling the group’s activities. 

Informal groups are set up by people in organiza-

tions  who  have  some  affinity  for  one  another.  It 

could be said that formal groups satisfy the needs  

of  the  organization  while  informal  groups  satisfy 

the needs of their members.

Groups develop an ideology that affects the atti-

tudes and actions of their members and the degree 

of  satisfaction  they  feel.  If  the  group  ideology  is 

strong and individual members identify closely with 

the group, it will become increasingly cohesive. Group 

norms or implicit rules will be evolved that define 

what is acceptable behaviour and what is not. This 

is described as a ‘reference group’, which consists of 

the group of people with whom an individual iden-

tifies. The individual accepts the group’s norms and, 

if  in  doubt  about  what  to  do  or  say,  reference  is 

made  to  these  norms  or  to  other  group  members 

before action is taken. Most people in organizations 

belong  to  a  reference  group  and  this  can  signifi-

cantly affect the ways in which they behave.

Four  stages  of  group  development  were  identi-

fied by Tuckman (1965):





Forming, when there is anxiety, dependence 

on the leader and testing to find out the 

nature of the situation and the task, and 

what behaviour is acceptable.





Storming, where there is conflict, emotional 

resistance to the demands of the task, 

resistance to control and even rebellion 

against the leader.





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