International Criminal Law
172
It has been widely advocated that States are obligated under international law to
punish serious human rights breaches by a former regime.
182
As in the case of Chile,
the promulgation of amnesty laws exonerating the offences of prior regimes is
incompatible with the duty of States to investigate human rights infractions and
provide appropriate remedies. This is true, at least, of amnesties granted after crimes
have been perpetrated,
183
and those favouring State security forces (self-amnesties).
184
In order for the judicial authorities of a State to waive immunity with respect to
human rights abuses, they must first determine whether there is a national law in
place regulating the relevant conduct and whether or not they may lawfully exercise
judicial jurisdiction. The House of Lords in the
Pinochet (No 3)
case upheld its subject
matter jurisdiction over acts of torture committed after 1988 when the Torture
Convention was enacted into British law.Another route would have been to recognise
the prohibition of torture under customary law and avoid limiting the temporal
scope of the charges. As regards jurisdiction, where the offence in question is subject
to universal jurisdiction under international law, as in the case of piracy
jure gentium
and grave breaches, the prosecution of public officials by any State should not be a
very difficult exercise. It would seem that where immunity is excluded from
multilateral treaties, such as in Art IV of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention) and in respect of
offences that do not attract universal jurisdiction under treaty or customary law,
any State is free to assert criminal jurisdiction as long as this does not conflict with
the competence afforded to other States under the relevant treaty or custom.
Customary law favours adherence to the restrictive principle of former Head of
State immunity.
185
It seems fair to suggest that we are witnessing an emerging
international rule whereby immunity from national criminal jurisdiction is excluded
in all cases of serious human rights violations, regardless of the place where they
have been committed.
186
This is also true of privileges and rights usually granted
under international human rights instruments.
187
182 D Orentlicher, ‘Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime’,
100
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: