International Criminal Law
174
organisation, with respect to UN and other multinational forces, jurisdiction over
offences committed in the context of such operations remains with the State of the
nationality of the accused. This represents well established customary law,
195
and is
recognised in s 4 of the UN Secretary General’s ‘Observance by United Nations Forces
of International Humanitarian Law’, which subjects all infractions to national
prosecution.
196
As already explained in another chapter, following the adoption of
the 1998 ICC Statute, the US sought to immunise its armed forces from the jurisdiction
of the ICC by concluding so called ‘Impunity Agreements’ with other countries, by
which these countries agreed to refrain from prosecuting or transferring to the
jurisdiction of the ICC any US nationals accused of relevant offences. These
agreements clearly violate Art 86 of the ICC Statute, which obliges member states to
co-operate with the Court in investigating and prosecuting alleged perpetrators. In
any event, these bilateral immunity agreements would not bind third States.
7.13 DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR IMMUNITIES
197
According to the more correct view, the immunity enjoyed by diplomatic envoys is
functional, its rationale being to allow them to perform their duties without
interference or other hindrance.
198
In fact, under Art 29 of the 1961 Vienna Convention
on Diplomatic Relations (Vienna Convention)
199
the receiving State has an obligation
to safeguard the freedom and dignity of diplomatic agents.
200
Their immunity from
local criminal jurisdiction under Art 32 of the 1961 Vienna Convention does not
render them also immune from liability under the law of the receiving State.
201
The
practical significance of this observation is that if the sending State waives the
diplomatic immunity of its agent, as it may under Art 32 of the 1961 Vienna
Convention, criminal liability may thereafter arise.
202
Diplomatic immunity, in accordance with Art 39(1) and (2), exists from the moment
the person enters the territory of the receiving State until such time as the privileges
and immunities are revoked by the sending State. Under Art 39(2) the diplomatic
agent enjoys continuing immunity for acts performed ‘in the exercise of his or her
functions as a member of the mission’. However, since the conferment of diplomatic
immunity is dependent on the consent of the receiving State, the correct view is that
any immunity granted by the latter will not bind third States. In the
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: