Immune System



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Bog'liq
Immun Reaktivlik

Some vocabulary:

  • Antibody: a protein produced by the human immune system to tag and destroy invasive microbes.
  • Antibiotic: various chemicals produced by certain soil microbes that are toxic to many bacteria. Some we use as medicines.
  • Antigen: any protein that our immune system uses to recognize “self” vs. “not self.”

Antibodies

  • Antibodies are assembled out of protein chains.
  • There are many different chains that the immune system assembles in different ways to make different antibodies.

Antibodies as Receptors

Antigens as Effectors

  • Free antibodies can bind to antigens, which “tags” the antigen for the immune system to attack and destroy.

Antigen recognition

  • Cells of the immune system are “trained” to recognize “self” proteins vs. “not self” proteins.
  • If an antigen (“not self”) protein is encountered by a macrophage, it will bring the protein to a helper T-cell for identification.
  • If the helper T-cell recognizes the protein as “not self,” it will launch an immune response.

Helper T cells

B cells

  • B-cells in general produce antibodies. Those with antibodies that bind with the invader’s antigen are stimulated to reproduce rapidly.
  • B-cells differentiate into either plasma cells or memory B-cells. Plasma cells rapidly produce antibodies. Memory cells retain the “memory” of the invader and remain ready to divide rapidly if an invasion occurs again.

Clonal Selection


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