Immune System



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Bog'liq
Immun Reaktivlik

Role of mucus and cilia

  • Mucus contains lysozymes, enzymes that destroy bacterial cell walls.
  • The normal flow of mucus washes bacteria and viruses off of mucus membranes.
  • Cilia in the respiratory tract move mucus out of the lungs to keep bacteria and viruses out.

Phagocytosis

  • Phagocytes - neutrophils, macrophages including monocytes are the main component of innate immunity.
  • Rapidly recruited to the infection site. Phagocytosis involves three sequential steps:
    • Engulfment of microbes and subsequent hosting in phagosome.
    • Fusion of lysosome with phagosome to form phagolysosome
    • Microbial killing

Role of phagocytes

  • Phagocytes are several types of white blood cells (including macrophages and neutrophils) that seek and destroy invaders. Some also destroy damaged body cells.
  • Phagocytes are attracted by an inflammatory response of damaged cells.

Cellular components of Innate immunity

  • NK cells:
    • Class of lymphocytes that kill virus infected cells and tumor cells.
  • Mast cells:
    • Present lining the respiratory and other mucosa.
    • Activated by microbial products binding to toll like receptors or by IgE antibody dependent mechanism.
    • They release abundant cytoplasmic granules rich in histamine, prostaglandins & cytokines that initiate
    • inflammation and proteolytic enzymes that can kill bacteria
  • Dendritic cells:
  • Respond to microbes by producing numerous cytokines that initiate inflammation.
    • Serve as vehicle in transporting the antigen(s) from the skin and mucosal site to lymph nodes where they present the antigen(s) to T cells - bridge between innate and acquired immunity.

Complement pathways

  • Alternate complement pathway is activated in response to bacterial endotoxin.
  • Mannose binding pathway is stimulated by mannose carbohydrate residues on bacterial surface.
  • Biological function;
  • Lysis of the target microbes (by forming pores on the microbial surfaces)
  • Stimulate inflammation (by secreting inflammatory mediators)
  • Stimulate acquired immunity- Complements are another bridge between innate and acquired immunity.

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