Immune System


Components of innate immunity



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Bog'liq
Immun Reaktivlik

Components of innate immunity

  • Anatomical and physiological barriers
  • Antibacterial substance in blood and tissues
  • Complement pathways
  • Inflammatory response
  • Microbial antagonism
  • Cytokines
  • Acute phase reactant proteins (APRs)

Anatomical and physiological barriers

  • Anatomical Barrier
  • Function
  • Skin Barrier
  •  
  • Mechanically prevents entry of microbes
  • Produces sebum containing antimicrobial peptides and fatty acids
  • Killing of microbes by intraepithelial lymphocytes
  • Mucosal Barrier
  • 1. Mucous membrane
  • Prevents entry of microbes mechanically and by producing mucous which entraps microbes
  • 2.Cilia
  • Cilia present in the lower respiratory tract propel the microbes outside
  • 3.Normal flora
  • Intestinal & respiratory mucosa are lined by normal flora.

Role of skin

  • Dead skin cells are constantly sloughed off, making it hard for invading bacteria to colonize.
  • Sweat and oils contain anti-microbial chemicals, including some antibiotics.

Anatomical and physiological barriers

  • Physiological Barrier
  • Function
  • 1.Temperature
  • Normal body temperature inhibits the growth of some microbes
  • 2.Low pH
  • Gastric acidity inhibits most of the microbes
  • 3.Secretory products of mucosa
  •  
  • Saliva
  • Enzymes in saliva damage the cell wall and cell membrane of bacteria
  •  
  • Tears
  • Contains lysozyme, that destroys the peptidoglycan layer in bacterial cell wall
  •  
  • Gastric juice
  • HCl kills microbes by its low pH
  •  
  • Trypsin
  • Hydrolyse bacterial protein
  •  
  • Bile salts
  • Interfere with bacterial cell membrane
  •  
  • Fatty acids
  • Denature the bacterial proteins
  •  
  • Spermine
  • Present in semen, inhibits growth of Gram positive bacteria
  •  
  • Lactoferrin
  • Binds to iron, thus interferes with acquisition of iron by bacteria

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