Bobonazarova gulxayo habibulla qizi spatial deixis and deictic expressions in pragmatics

Conclusions on Chapter 1
In this chapter, first of all, the definition of deixis and the history of its origin are given. So, deixis (Greek "deiktikos", lat. "Demonstratio") "is a way of indicating the elements of a situation through gestures or using linguistic expressions. Deixis can be interpreted in different ways, depending on what is the starting point: himself speaker or any object, action, event within a speech act. Speaking about the history of the development of deixis, several concepts are presented in this work.
First of all, it is said that the concept of "deixis" has been known since ancient times, but in modern times the German Indo-Europeanist K. Brugmann drew attention to it. The semiotic tradition is associated with Charles Peirce, who suggested calling demonstrative pronouns index signs that create a direct connection between a word and an object.
Also, another way of studying deixis originates from O. Jespersen, who proposed the concept of a shifter to characterize linguistic units, the use and understanding of which radically depends on the speaker and other communicative coordinates. Dissel distinguishes between demonstrations of several syntactic types - substantive, adjective, adverbial and “identifying”. He believed that, in the languages of the world, there are more complex deictic systems based on the visibility / invisibility of the referent for the speaker, on the location of the referent above / below the speaker (for example, in Lezgi - the Nakh-Dagestan family), on the location of the referent relative to water barriers - upstream / downstream of the speaker downstream of the river, closer to the river / further from the river compared to the speaker, on the same / on the other side of the river compared to the speaker.
Summing up, it is necessary to highlight the personal (personal), spatial and temporal types of deixis.
Personal deixis. Unmarked means of expressing personal deixis are pronouns of the 3rd person, accompanied by a pointing gesture (hand, head, eyes). Also, this type of deixis can be carried out without the help of gestures if pronouns are used that indicate the participants in the communicative act. In both cases, both when using gestures and when relying on the coordinates of the communicative act, with deixis, a connection is established between linguistic expressions and an extra-linguistic object.
Spatial and temporal deixis is carried out in the languages of the world by formal elements of two main types: noun phrases, including demonstrative pronouns or their analogs (in this forest, this year) and elements of the adverbial type (here, today, now). In addition, in many languages of the world, there is a grammatical category of the same name for expressing time.
Speaker and participants’ gestures may be crucial to mutual comprehension, also in the case of a mismatch between verbal and gestural information. To quote an example, in (5), the driving instructor gives contradictory information: with his hand he points to the left, while orally announcing a turn to the right:
‘Now further on there will be a lane marking. We [points to the left with his left hand] will take the one to the right’ (De Stefani & Gazin, 2014, p. 69; simplified transcription). According to the different contexts, people and activities involved, diverse degrees of precision may be implicated in gestural spatial deixis and consequently (mis)understood by the interlocutor/s.