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CHAPTER 2. IMPLEMENTATION OF SPATIAL DEIXIS IN ENGLISH
In the second part of the first chapter, the classification of deixis is considered, as well as the phenomenon of spatial deixis is described in more detail. There are a fairly large number of classifications, according to the study of one or another scientist, but this work is built on the following sphere of deixis, which includes several types of indications:
- this is, first of all, an indication of the participants in the speech act - the speaker and the addressee; (1st and 2nd person: me, you, you, mine, yours, yours, etc.).
- an indication of the subject of speech - an object or person, which is expressed by pronouns of a third person;
- an indication of the degree of remoteness of the object of the utterance is expressed by demonstrative pronouns (this, that, etc.);
- an indication of the temporal and spatial localization of an event or fact (the so-called chronotopic deixis) is expressed by pronominal adverbs (here, now, etc.), as well as by the verbal category of tense;
2.1. Implementation of spatial deixis in English
Spatial deixis usually takes into account differences in the degree of distance from the speaker or listener, in visibility / invisibility, in the degree of accessibility or in direction, and the direction is usually determined relative to the speaker, that is, the 1st person. (A theoretical analysis of "indicativeness" is given in Sо 11 i n s оn, 1937 and Shwayder, 1961.). Where there is only one category of deixis, it most often denotes evidence for the 1st and 2nd person (this, thus); a verbal indication can be specified with an appropriate gesture. Spatial deixis (as Householder showed) is also combined with various signifieds, especially with the designations of movement; come / go bring / take. With regard to parts of speech, spatial deixis is characterized by the same asymmetry as interrogative words.
In the English language there are demonstrative nouns (inanimate this), adjectives (such), "over-differentiated" adverbs (places: here, tense: now, mode of action: thus), but there are no demonstrative prepositions or verbs (to this).
Further, while nouns and adverbs of time and place usually express the binary opposition of proximity / distance (this / that, now / / then, here / there), in adverbs of mode of action and in adjectives this opposition is expressed less often.
An indication of the temporal and spatial localization of the reported fact - expressed by the pronominal adverbs HERE and THERE.
“Well, we're all friends here ... I would advise you to take precautions, as he could arrive any time, if indeed he isn't already there, and staying somewhere incognito ...” (McDougall, The Government Inspector , 21);
“Here he was searched; and nothing being found upon him, locked up "(Dickens, The Adventure of Oliver Twist, 114);
"The best and the bravest supply their foreign masters with s" The best and the bravest supply their foreign masters with soldiers, and whiten distant lands with their bones, leaving few here who have either will or the power to protect the unfortunate Saxon "( Scott, Ivanhoe, 32);
"Thank you for having kept your word to stay as my guests," she began. "It's not bad here, really" (Beketova, Fathers and Sons, 105);
“John Osborn, whom he had set up in life - who was under a hundred obligations to him - and whose son was to marry Sedley's daughter… thenoldiers, and whiten distant lands with their bones, leaving few here who have either will or the power to protect the unfortunate Saxon ”(Scott, Ivanhoe, 32);
"Thank you for having kept your word to stay as my guests," she began. "It's not bad here, really" (Beketova, Fathers and Sons, 105);
“John Osborn, whom he had set up in life - who was under a hundred obligations to him - and whose son was to marry Sedley's daughter ... then
"Osborne had the intolerable sense of former benefits to goad and irritate him." [Bulletin of SamSU.2007.№1)];
Spatial deixis in direction in English is expressed in the following words:
“This way. Grander. Come on in. Your shoes aren't muddy. " (Cook, The three sisters, 98);
“Yes, Yes. That will do for me. I'm going that way ”(Collins, The Woman in White);
Deixis's orientation to time and place is expressed using the words - before, ago, a week ago, a week before. It is characteristic that in indirect speech, where the speaking subject changes, all deictic indicators are replaced.
As mentioned earlier, in English, spatial deixis is often combined with various signifiers, especially with signified movements. In this regard, the difference between the verbs to come and to go is characteristic. Come indicates movement towards the observer, go - away from the observer.
The sentences "John came up to the door" and "John went up to the door" both correspond to the Russian " Джон подошел к двери ", but the first sentence implies that John was moving towards the speaker (observer), i.e. the observer was closer to the door, in the second case, it is assumed that John was moving in the direction from the observer.
It is worth emphasizing the prepositions expressing spatial deixis in English - in front of, in the corner. "In front of the car stood a girl"
“The arrested man rushed through the room” - the spatial relationship expressed by the preposition through can be described using the spatial coordinates of three dimensions proposed by V.D. Arakin.
In English, the following spatial nouns are distinguished:
1) the general concept of spatial orientation - space, area, place, position;
2) nouns denoting spatial orientation
relative to any point - center, front, back; directions - direction, north, south; nouns denoting specific points or surfaces in space - village, country, island;
3) a combination of a noun with a preposition - domestic - pursued at smb's home;
The spatial deixis of adjectives also deserves special attention:
1) adjectives with different structures - far, remote, distant;
2) a predicative group consisting of adjectives and a spatial preposition - in, on;
3) a predicative group consisting of a participle - happening, taking;
In accordance with the basic principle of division, adjectives were divided into three groups:
1) with a common locative meaning "where";
a) the generalized value of the place - right, central, distant.
b) with specific real values - local, suburban, rural;
2) with the general directive meaning "where" and "from where"; indicate the location of the verb plus the preposition - outgoing flight, incoming passengers;
3) with the general distance meaning "how far"; convey the location of the object in space at some distance from the subject - remote, far horizon.
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