; d)
32
10
2
15
4
6
6
+
+
+
x
s
co
x
s
co
x
s
co
;
e)
(
)
x
in
s
x
in
s
x
in
s
x
in
s
2
6
4
2
6
2
8
128
1
−
−
+
;
f)
) (
(
)
(
)
(
)
[
]
inx
s
x
s
co
x
in
s
x
s
co
x
in
s
x
s
co
x
in
s
x
s
co
+
+
−
+
+
+
−
35
3
3
21
5
5
7
7
7
64
1
.
4-§.
46.
κ
κ
−
=
n
n
n
C
C
2
2
2
ekanligini hisobga olinsa, a) va b) tengliklar 1-misolga keltiriladi.
47. a) va b) tenglamalarni 2-misoldagidek hosil qilish mumkin, bunda:
(
)
(
)
n
n
n
2
2
1
1
2
ε
ε
ε
ε
+
+
+
+
,
(
)
(
)
n
n
n
2
2
1
1
2
ε
ε
ε
ε
+
+
+
+
.
48. 4-misolga qarang.
49. 5-misoldagi (*) ayniyatdan
k
x
=
bo’lganda kelib chiqadi.
50. Yechish. Chap tomondagi ifoda quyidagi ko’phaddagi
n
x oldidagi koeffisiyentan
iborat:
(
)
(
)
(
)
( )
(
)
=
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
−
−
−
n
k
n
k
n
n
n
n
n
n
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
K
(
)
( )
(
)
(
)
( )
(
)
k
n
k
n
n
k
n
k
n
n
n
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
−
+
−
−
−
−
+
+
=
−
+
+
−
+
=
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
K
.
Oxirgi ifodada
n
x
oldidagi koeffisiyent
( )
k
n
k
C
1
1
−
−
ga tengligi ravshan.
51. 7-misoldan kelib chiqadi.
52. a) Yechish.
(
) (
)
(
)
m
m
m
x
x
x
2
1
1
1
−
=
−
+
ko’paytmani qaraymiz. natijada,
( )
( )
∑
∑
∑
=
=
=
−
=
−
m
t
m
k
k
k
m
k
t
m
s
s
s
m
s
x
C
x
C
x
C
0
0
2
0
1
1
, shuning uchun
38
( )
( )
k
m
k
t
m
k
t
s
s
m
s
C
C
C
1
1
2
−
=
−
∑
=
+
Avvalo faraz qilaylik, m – juft, ya’ni
n
m
2
=
,
n
k
=
bo’lsin. U holda
( )
( )
n
n
n
nt
n
m
n
t
s
s
n
s
C
C
C
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
−
=
−
−
=
+
∑
. Bu yerdan
( )
( )
( )
n
n
n
n
s
s
n
s
C
C
2
2
0
2
2
1
1
−
=
−
∑
=
ni hosil
qilamiz;
b) agar m – toq bo’lsa,
1
2
+
=
n
m
deb olamiz.
(
) (
)
(
)
m
m
m
x
x
x
2
1
1
1
−
=
−
+
tenglikning chap tomonidagi
1
2
+
n
x
oldidagi koeffisiyent
( )
( )
( )
∑
∑
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
+
−
=
−
1
2
0
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
n
s
s
n
S
n
t
s
t
n
s
n
s
C
C
C
ga teng. Lekin qaralayotgan tenglikning o’ng
tomonidan ko’rinadiki, bu koeffisiyent nolga teng bo’lishi kerak (chunki yoyilmasida x ning
toq darajali hadlari qatnashmaydi). Shuning uchun
( )
( )
0
1
1
2
0
2
1
2
=
−
∑
+
=
+
n
s
s
n
s
C
va tenglik isbot
bo’ldi.
53. a) 9-misolda
ϕ
ni
ϕ
π
−
2
ga almashtiring;
b) va s) lar ham 9-misol va a) ga o’xshash keltirib chiqariladi.
54. 10-misolga o’xshash.
55. a)
(
)
2
2
2
2
x
n
s
co
x
s
co
n
n
+
; b)
(
)
2
2
2
2
x
n
in
s
x
s
co
n
n
+
.
56.
x
in
s
nx
in
s
n
2
4
4
2
−
. Ko’rsatma:
2
1
2
α
α
s2
co
in
s
−
=
formuladan foydalaning.
58. a)
(
)
(
)
2
4
1
1
1
2
x
in
s
x
n
s
nco
nx
s
co
n
−
+
−
+
;
b)
(
)
(
)
2
4
1
1
2
x
in
s
x
n
in
s
n
innx
s
n
+
−
+
.
Ko’rsatma.
1
2
3
2
1
−
+
+
+
+
n
na
K
α
α
ko’rinishdagi yig’indini hisoblash uchun uni
α
−
1
ga ko’paytirish foydali.
5-§.
59. a)
1
±
; b)
2
3
2
1
,
1
i
±
−
; c)
i
±
±
,
1
; d)
( )
i
i
±
±
±
±
1
2
2
,
,
1
;
e)
2
2
3
2
3
2
1
,
,
1
i
,
i
i
±
±
±
±
±
±
;
g)
( )
4
2
6
4
2
6
4
2
6
4
2
6
2
2
3
1
2
3
2
3
2
1
1
+
±
−
±
−
±
+
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
i
;
i
;
i
;
i
,
i
i,
,
60. a) -1; b)
2
3
2
1
i
±
−
; c)
i
±
; d)
( )
i
±
±
1
2
2
; e)
2
2
3
i
±
±
;
39
f)
4
2
6
4
2
6
4
2
6
4
2
6
+
±
−
±
−
±
+
±
i
;
i
.
61. a)
16
2
16
2
k
in
s
i
k
s
co
k
π
π
ε
+
=
belgilashni kiritib, quyidagilarni hosil qilamiz:
1 ko’rsatkichga
0
ε
tegishli;
2 ko’rsatkichga
8
ε
tegishli;
4 ko’rsatkichga
12
4
,
ε
ε
tegishli;
8 ko’rsatkichga
14
10
6
2
,
,
,
ε
ε
ε
ε
tegishli;
16-darajali boshlang’ich ildizlar
,
15
,
13
,
11
,
9
,
7
5
3
1
,
,
,
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
b)
20
2
20
2
,
πκ
πκ
ε
κ
in
s
i
s
co
+
=
belgilashni kiritib, quyidagilarni hosil qilamiz:
1 ko’rsatkichga
0
ε
tegishli;
2 ko’rsatkichga
10
ε
tegishli;
4 ko’rsatkichga
15
,
5
ε
ε
tegishli;
5 ko’rsatkichga
16
12
8
,
4
,
,
ε
ε
ε
ε
tegishli;
10 ko’rsatkichga
18
,
14
,
6
,
2
ε
ε
ε
ε
tegishli;
20-darajali boshlang’iya ildizlar
19
,
17
,
13
,
11
,
9
,
7
,
5
,
3
,
1
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
s)
24
2
24
2
,
πκ
πκ
ε
κ
in
s
i
s
co
+
=
belgilashlarni kiritib, quyidagilarni hosil qilamiz:
1 ko’rsatkichga
0
ε
tegishli;
2 ko’rsatkichga
12
ε
tegishli;
3 ko’rsatkichga
16
,
8
ε
ε
tegishli;
4 ko’rsatkichga
18
,
6
ε
ε
tegishli;
6 ko’rsatikichga
20
,
4
ε
ε
tegishli;
8 ko’rsatkichga
21
,
15
,
9
,
3
ε
ε
ε
ε
tegishli;
12 ko’rsatkichga
22
,
14
,
10
,
2
ε
ε
ε
ε
tegishli
24-darajali boshlang’ich ildizlar
23
,
19
,
17
,
13
,
11
,
7
,
5
,
1
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
.
62.
ε
−
1
2
.
63. 0, agar
1
>
n
bo’lsa.
64.
ε
−
−
1
n
, agar
1
≠
ε
bo’lsa;
(
)
2
1
+
n
n
, agar
1
=
ε
bo’lsa.
65.
(
)
(
)
2
2
1
2
1
ε
ε
−
+
−
−
n
n
, agar
1
≠
ε
bo’lsa;
(
)(
)
6
1
2
1
+
+
n
n
n
, agar
1
=
ε
bo’lsa.
40
66. a)
2
n
−
; b)
n
ctg
n
π
2
−
;
67. a) 1; b) 0; c) -1.
68. Yechilishi: Agar z berilgan tenglamani qanoatlantirsa, u holda
n
b
z
a
z
λ
µ
=
−
−
bo’ladi. Berilgan ikki nuqtalargacha bo’lgan masofalar nisbati o’zgarmas bo’lgan nuqtalar
to’plami aylanadan iborat (xususiy holda,
µ
λ
=
bo’lsa, bu to’plam to’g’ri chiziq bo’ladi).
69. a)
(
)
1
1
0
2
,n-
,
,
k
n
k
ictg
K
=
−
π
; b)
(
)
1
1
5
,n-
,
k
n
k
ctg
x
K
=
=
π
;
c)
(
)
1
1
0
4
3
4
3
,n-
,
,
k
n
k
ctg
x
K
=
+
=
π
. Ko’rsatma.
(
)
(
)
1
,
,
1
,
0
2
3
4
2
3
4
,
3
3
−
=
+
+
+
=
−
=
−
=
+
n
k
n
k
in
s
i
n
k
s
co
i
i
x
i
x
n
k
k
K
π
π
α
α
tenglamani qarang;
d)
(
)
1
1
0
2
2
,n-
,
,
k
n
k
actg
K
=
+
ϕ
π
.
70. Yechish.
ϕ
ϕ
in
s
i
s
co
A
+
=
bo’lsin. U holda
2
1
1
k
ix
ix
η
=
−
+
, bu yerda
(
)
1
1
0
2
2
2
2
,m-
,
,
k
m
k
sin
i
m
k
s
co
k
K
=
+
+
+
=
π
ϕ
π
ϕ
η
.
Bundan
(
) (
)
m
k
tg
i
i
x
k
k
k
k
k
k
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
π
ϕ
η
η
η
η
η
η
+
=
+
−
=
+
−
=
−
−
.
71. Yechish.
−
ε
1
−
а
х
va
1
−
в
х
larning umumiy ildizi; s -
ε
ildiz tegishli
bo’lgan ko’rsatkich bo’lsin. U holda s - a va v ning umumiy bo’luvchisi bo’ladi shuning
uchun faqat s=1 va
ε
=1 bo’lishi mumkin. Teskarisi ko’rinib turibdi.
72.
α
va
β
- 1 ning a va
b
-darajali boshlang’ich ildizlari bo’lsin.
( )
1
=
s
αβ
bo’lsin.
U holda
1
=
bs
α
;
1
=
as
β
. Demak
bs
a ga bo’linadi, as
b
ga bo’linadi. Natijada s
ab
ga
bo’linadi.
λ
- 1 ning
ab
-darajali boshlang’ich ildizi bo’lsin. U holda
s
β
α
λ
κ
=
(9-misolni
qarang).
κ
α
ildiz
a
a
<
1
ko’rsatkichga tegishli bo’lsin. U holda
( ) ( )
1
2
1
1
=
=
b
a
s
b
a
b
a
a
β
λ
κ
,
bu esa mumkin emas. Xuddi shunday,
S
β
- 1 ning b- darajali boshlang’ich ildizi bo’lishini
ko’rsatish mumkin.
73. 72-masaladan kelib chiqadi.
74. Yechish. Avvalo r
α
dan oshmaydigan barcha r ga karrali sonlarni yozib olamiz.
Bular 1
⋅
r, 2
⋅
r,…,r
α
-1
r. Bunday sonlar
1
−
α
p
ta. Natijada, Eyler funksiyasining ta’rifiga ko’ra,
( )
−
=
−
=
−
р
р
р
р
р
1
1
1
α
α
α
α
ϕ
. U holda 73-masalaga ko’ra
( )
( ) ( )
( )
−
−
−
=
=
κ
ακ
α
α
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
p
p
р
n
p
p
p
n
n
1
1
...
1
1
1
1
...
2
1
2
1
1
1
.
41
75. Yechish. Agar
ε
- birning n -darajali boshlang’ich ildizi bo’lsa, u holda uning
qo’shmasi
ε
ham 1 ning n -darajali boshlang’ich ildizi bo’ladi. Bunda
ε
≠±
1, chunki
2
>
n
.
76. a)
( )
1
1
−
=
x
x
X
; b)
( )
1
2
+
=
x
x
X
; c)
( )
1
2
3
+
+
=
x
x
x
X
;
d)
( )
1
2
4
+
=
x
x
X
; e)
( )
1
2
3
4
5
+
+
+
+
=
x
x
х
х
x
X
; f)
( )
1
2
6
+
−
=
х
x
x
X
; g)
( )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
х
x
х
х
х
х
x
X
;
h)
( )
1
4
8
+
=
x
x
X
; i)
( )
1
3
6
9
+
+
=
x
х
x
X
;
j)
( )
1
2
3
4
10
+
−
+
−
=
х
x
х
х
x
X
;
k)
( )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
x
x
х
х
х
х
х
х
х
х
x
X
;
l)
( )
1
2
4
12
+
−
=
x
х
x
X
; m)
( )
1
3
4
5
7
8
15
+
−
+
−
+
−
=
x
х
х
х
х
х
x
X
;
( )
1
2
2
)
2
5
6
7
8
9
12
13
14
15
16
17
20
22
24
26
28
31
32
33
34
35
36
39
40
41
42
43
46
47
48
105
+
+
+
−
−
−
−
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
−
−
−
+
−
+
=
х
х
х
х
x
х
х
х
х
х
х
x
х
х
х
х
х
х
x
х
х
х
х
х
х
x
х
х
х
х
х
х
x
X
n
77.
( )
1
...
2
1
+
+
+
+
=
−
−
х
x
x
x
X
р
р
р
.
78.
( )
(
)
(
)
1
...
1
1
2
1
1
+
+
+
+
=
−
−
−
−
−
m
p
m
p
р
m
р
р
m
р
х
x
x
x
X
. Ko’rsatma.
1
1
−
−
m
р
x
ning barcha ildizlari va faqat ular
1
−
m
р
x
ning boshlang’ich ildizlari bo’ladi.
79. Yechish.
( )
n
ϕ
α
α
α
,...
,
2
1
- 1 ning n-darajali boshlang’ich ildizlari bo’lsin. U holda
(72-masalaga qarang)
(
)
1
α
−
,
(
)
( )
(
)
n
ϕ
α
α
−
−
,...,
2
sonlar 1 ning 2n – darajali boshlang’ich
ildizlari bo’ladi.
( ) (
) (
)
( )
(
)
( )
( )
(
)
1
2
1
2
1
...
α
α
α
α
ϕ
ϕ
−
−
−
=
+
+
+
=
x
x
x
x
x
X
n
n
n
(
)
( )
(
)
т
х
х
ϕ
α
α
−
−
−
−
...
2
,
yoki (75-masalaga qarang)
( )
( )
x
X
x
X
n
n
−
=
2
.
80. Yechish.
nd
in
s
i
nd
s
co
πκ
πκ
ε
κ
2
2
+
=
- 1 ning nd-darajali boshlang’ich ildizi
bo’lsin, ya’ni k va n o’zaro tub sonlar. k ni n ga bo’lib, k = nq+r, 0 ni hosil qilamiz. Bu
yerdan:
d
n
r
q
in
s
i
d
n
r
q
s
co
π
π
π
π
ε
κ
2
2
2
2
+
+
+
=
,
ya’ni
κ
ε
- d darajali ildizning qiymatlaridan biri bo’ladi va
n
r
in
s
i
n
r
s
co
r
π
π
η
2
2
+
=
;
r
η
- 1
ning n darajali boshlang’ich ildizi bo’ladi, chunki r va n ning har bir umumiy bo’luvchisi k va
n ning umumiy bo’luvchisi bo’ladi.
n
r
in
s
i
n
r
s
co
r
π
π
η
2
2
+
=
- 1 ning n-darajali boshlang’ich ildizi bo’lsin, ya’ni r va n
o’zaro tub sonlar. Quyidagi sonlarni qaraymiz
42
(
)
(
)
nd
nq
r
in
s
i
nd
nq
r
s
co
d
n
r
q
in
s
i
d
n
r
q
s
co
q
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
=
π
π
π
π
π
π
ε
2
2
2
2
2
2
,
bu yerda
;
1
...,
2
,
1
,
0
−
=
d
q
q
ε
- 1 ning nd darajali boshlang’ich ildizi bo’ladi. Haqiqatan,
agar
nq
r
+
va nd sonlar bir vaqtda r tub songa bo’linsa, n va r sonlar ham p ga bo’linar edi.
Bu esa mumkin emas.
81. Yechish.
( )
n
′
ϕ
ε
ε
ε
,...
,
2
1
- 1 ning
n
′
darajali ildizlari bo’lsin. U holda
−
Π
=
=
κ
ϕ
κ
ε
//
/
1
//
/
n
n
n
n
x
x
Х
.
(
)(
)
(
)
//
,
2
,
1
,
....
n
x
x
x
κ
κ
κ
ε
ε
ε
−
−
−
-
−
κ
ε
//
n
x
ning
chiziqli ko’paytuvchilarga yoyilmasi bo’lsin. U holda
(
)
i
n
i
n
i
n
n
x
x
Х
,.
//
/
1
1
//
/
κ
ϕ
κ
κ
ε
−
Π
=
=
=
=
=
. 80-
masalaga ko’ra har bir
i
x
,.
κ
ε
−
chiziqli ko’paytuvchi
( )
x
X
n
yoyilmaga kiradi va aksincha.
Bundan tashqari,
( )
( )
/
//
n
n
n
ϕ
ϕ
=
bo’lganligi uchun
( )
x
X
n
va
//
/
n
n
x
X
larning
darajalari teng.
82. Ko’rsatma. 77, 78, 72- masalalardan foydalaning va
1) r – tub bo’lsa,
( )
1
−
=
р
µ
,;
2) r – tub,
α>
1 bo’lsa,
( )
0
=
α
µ
р
;
3) a va b o’zaro tub bo’lsa,
( ) ( ) ( )
b
а
аb
µ
µ
µ
=
.
83. Yechish. 1 ning barcha n-darajali ildizlari yig’indisi 0 ga teng. 1 ning har bir n-
darajali ildizi n ning bo’luvchisi bo’lgan d ko’rsatkichga tegishli i obratno, to
( )
∑
=
n
d
d
0
µ
.
84. Yechish.
n
in
s
i
n
s
co
πκ
πκ
ε
κ
2
2
+
=
ildiz n
1
ko’rsatkichga tegishli bo’lsin. U
holda x-
ε
κ
ko’paytuvchi faqat shunday x
d
-1 ikki hollarda qatnashadiki, d son n
1
ga bo’linadi.
Bunda d n ning n
1
karrali barcha bo’luvchilari to’plamida,
d
n
esa
1
n
n
ning barcha
bo’luvchilari to’plamida o’zgaradi. Shunday qilib, x-
ε
κ
ko’paytuvchi o’ng tomonda
( )
∑
1
1
1
n
n
d
d
µ
ko’rsatkich bilan qatnashadi. Agar
1
1
≠
n
n
bo’lsa, bu yig’indi 0 ga, n = n
1
bo’lganda esa 1 ga teng.
85. Yechish. Agar
α
p
n
=
, r – tub son bo’lsa,
( )
p
X
n
=
1
bo’ladi. Agar
κ
α
κ
α
α
p
p
p
n
...
2
2
1
1
=
(
κ
p
p
p
,....,
,
2
1
– har xil tub sonlar) bo’lsa, u holda (81-masalaga
qarang)
( )
( )
1
1
э
n
n
X
X
=
; bunda n
/
=
κ
p
p
p
...
2
1
.
43
Endi n=
κ
p
p
p
...
2
1
;
κ
κ
p
n
n
=
≥
1
;
2
bo’lsin.
1
n ning barcha bo’luvchilarini hosil
qilish uchun n ning barcha bo’luvchilariga ularning r
k
ga ko’paytmalarini qo’shish yetarli.
Shuning uchun
( )
(
)
(
)
(
)
( )
[ ]
( )
κ
µ
µ
µ
p
n
n
k
dp
n
k
dp
n
d
d
n
d
n
d
d
n
d
n
d
n
x
X
x
X
x
x
x
x
X
/
1
/
1
/
1
1
1
−
=
=
−
Π
⋅
−
Π
=
−
Π
=
.
Bu yerdan
( )
1
1
=
n
X
.
86. Yechish. 1) n – birdan katta toq son bo’lsin. U holda (79-masalaga qarang)
( )
( )
1
1
1
2
=
=
−
n
n
X
X
;
2) n = 2
κ
bo’lsin, u holda
1
1
1
2
2
+
=
−
−
=
n
n
n
n
х
х
х
X
va
( )
1
−
n
X
k=1 bo’lganda 0 ga,
k>1 bo’lganda 2 ga teng.
3)
1
2n
n
=
,
1
n
- birdan katta toq son bo’lsin. U holda (79-masalaga qarang)
( )
( )
1
1
1
n
n
X
X
=
−
va natijada
( )
1
−
n
X
α
p
n
=
1
bo’lganda ( r – tub son) p ga,
p
n
≠
1
bo’lganda 1 ga teng.
4)
1
2 n
n
κ
=
,
κ
>1,
s
s
p
p
p
n
α
α
α
....
2
2
1
1
1
=
(
s
р
р
р
,...
,
2
1
- har xil toq sonlar) bo’lsin.
Bu
holda
(81-masalaga
qarang)
( )
( )
λ
х
р
р
р
Х
х
X
s
n
....
2
1
2
=
,
bunda
1
1
1
1
1
...
2
−
−
−
=
s
s
p
p
α
α
κ
λ
. Bu yerdan kelib chiqadiki,
( )
( )
1
1
1
=
=
−
n
n
X
X
.
87. Yechish.
( )
n
ϕ
ε
ε
ε
,
,
,
2
1
K
- 1 ning boshlang’ich ildizlari bo’lsin:
( )
( )
( )
[
]
( )
(
)
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
n
n
n
n
S
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
ε
ε
ε
µ
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
+
+
+
−
=
+
+
+
=
−
K
K
.
1) m – toq son bo’lsin. Bu holda
2
i
ε
1 ning n–darajali boshlang’ich ildizi va faqat
j
i
=
bo’lganda
2
2
j
i
ε
ε
=
bo’ladi. Shuning uchun
( )
( )
n
n
µ
ε
ε
ε
ϕ
=
+
+
+
2
2
2
2
1
K
va
( )
[
]
( )
2
2
n
n
S
µ
µ
−
=
.
2)
1
1
;
2
n
n
n
=
- toq son bo’lsin. Bu holda
i
ε
(72-masalaga qarang) 1 ning
1
n
darajali
boshlang’ich
ildizi
bo’ladi
va
shuning
uchun
(1)
ga
qarang)
( )
( )
( )
n
n
n
µ
µ
ε
ε
ε
ϕ
−
=
=
+
+
+
1
2
2
2
2
1
K
. Shunday qilib, bu holda
( )
[
]
( )
2
2
n
n
S
µ
µ
+
=
.
3)
1
2 n
n
k
=
,
1
>
k
,
1
n
- toq son bo’lsin. Bu holda
2
i
ε
ildiz
2
n
ko’rsatkichga tegishli
bo’ladi. 80-masalaga ko’ra
( )
n
ϕ
ε
ε
ε
K
,
,
2
1
lar
2
2
1
,
,
,
n
ϕ
η
η
η
K
larning kvadrat ildizlaridan
44
iborat bo’ladi, bu yerda
2
2
1
,
,
,
n
ϕ
η
η
η
K
- 1 ning
2
n
- darajali boshlang’ich ildizlari. Bu
yerdan kelib chiqadiki,
( )
=
=
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
2
-
S
;
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
n
n
n
n
µ
µ
η
η
η
ε
ε
ε
ϕ
ϕ
K
K
.
88. Yechish. y ning istalgan qiymatlarida
(
)
∑
∑
∑
−
=
+
−
+
=
−
=
=
=
=
1
0
2
1
2
1
0
2
n
S
S
y
n
y
y
x
x
n
x
x
S
ε
ε
ε
;
n ning toq qiymatlarida
(
)
∑
∑
∑
∑
−
=
−
=
+
−
−
=
−
−
=
−
=
=
=
=
′
1
0
1
0
2
2
1
0
2
/
1
0
2
,
n
y
n
s
s
y
y
n
y
y
n
y
y
e
S
S
S
S
ε
ε
ε
∑
∑
∑∑
−
=
−
=
−
=
−
=
+
=
=
=
1
0
1
0
2
2
1
0
1
0
2
2
n
s
n
y
ys
s
n
y
n
s
s
ys
ε
ε
ε
( )
n
n
n
y
y
s
n
s
s
=
+
∑
∑
−
=
−
=
1
0
2
1
1
2
ε
ε
.
n juft bo’lganda
( )
−
+
=
+
=
2
2
2
/
1
1
n
n
n
n
n
SS
ε
, chunki n ga bo’linmaydigan
s
2
uchun
0
1
0
2
=
∑
−
=
n
y
sy
ε
. Shunday qilib,
n
S
=
, agar n – toq bo’lsa va
( )
−
+
=
2
1
1
n
n
S
, agar n – juft bo’lsa.
6-§.
89. Yechish.
n
bi
a
u
n
+
+
=
1
ni trigonometrik shaklga keltiramiz va
n
n
u
ning
absolyut qiymati va argumentining limitlarini topamiz. Natijada quyidagini hosil qilamiz:
n
n
n
a
n
n
n
n
n
n
u
g
ar
e
n
b
a
n
a
u
r
ϕ
=
→
+
+
+
=
=
;
2
1
2
2
2
2
,
bunda
0
n
→
=
n
nr
b
sin
ϕ
.
,
0
→
n
ϕ
deb hisoblab,
b
r
b
n
n
n
n
n
→
⋅
=
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
sin
ni hosil
qilamiz. Shunday qilib,
(
)
b
in
is
osb
c
e
u
m
i
l
a
n
n
n
+
=
∞
→
.
90. Yechish.
(
)(
)
(
)
(
)
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
+
+
+
=
+
+
in
s
i
s
co
in
s
i
s
co
in
s
i
s
co
formula
(
)
2
1
2
1
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
+
=
i
i
i
e
e
e
formulaga, ya’ni bir xil asosli darajalarni ko’paytirish
qoidasiga aylanadi. Xuddi shunday, Muavr formulasi
( )
n
i
n
i
e
e
ϕ
ϕ
=
formulaga aylanadi.
91. a)
(
)
i
k
π
1
2
1
+
+
; b)
(
)
i
k
n
l
π
1
2
2
+
+
; c)
(
)
2
1
4
i
k
π
+
;
45
d)
(
)
4
1
8
i
k
π
+
; e) –1; f)
2
2
n
i
k
e
l
+
−
π
; g)
4
2
π
π
+
k
e
.
92.
i
k
x
s
arcco
i
π
2
+
.
93. Yechish.
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
i
i
i
i
e
e
e
e
i
s
co
in
s
tg
−
−
+
−
⋅
=
=
1
ni hosil qilamiz.
x
tg
=
ϕ
bo’lsin. U
holda
π
ϕ
ϕ
k
ix
ix
n
l
i
ix
ix
e
i
+
−
+
⋅
=
−
+
=
1
1
2
1
,
1
1
2
.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar
1. B.L. Van der Varden. Algebra. M., Nauka, 1976.
2. Kostrikin A.I. Vvedeniye v algebru. M., 1977, 495 str.
3. Leng S. Algebra. M. Mir, 1968.
4. Faddeyev D.K. Leksii po algebre. M., Nauka, 1984, 415 st.
5. Faddeyev D.K., Sominskiy I.S. Sbornik zadach po vysshey algebre. M.,
Nauka, 1977.
6. Sbornik zadach po algebre pod redaksiyey. A.I. Kostrikina, M., Nauka,
1985.
7. Xojiyev J., Faynleb A.S. Algebra va sonlar nazariyasi kursi, Toshkent,
«O’zbekiston», 2001.
8. Narzullayev U.X., Soleyev A.S. Algebra i teoriya chisel. I-II chast,
Samarkand, 2002.
46
Mundarija
1-§. Algebraik shakldagi kompleks sonlar …………………….3
2-§. Kompleks sonning geometrik tasviri va
trigonometrik shakli……………………………….……..8
3-§. Darajaga ko’tarish va ildiz chiqarish ……..……………. 15
4-§. Yig’indi va ko’paytmalarni kompleks sonlar
yordamida hisoblash ………………………………….. 19
5-§. Birning ildizlari ………………………………………. 26
6-§. Kompleks o’zgaruvchining ko’rsatkichli va logarifmik
Funksiyalari …………………………………………….. 31
Javoblar. Ko’rsatmalar. Yechilishlar ………………………………… 32
Foyadalanilgan adabiyotlar ………………………………………46
Document Outline - KOMPLEKS SONLAR NAZARIYASI
- 7-m i s o l. Sistemani yeching:
- M A S H Q L A R
- M A S H Q L A R
- Nyuton binom formulasini qo’llab, quyidagini hosil qilamiz:
- M A S H Q L A R
- M A S H Q L A R
- Bu tenglamalarni hadlab qo’shib va ayirib, quyidagi formulalarni hosil qilamiz:
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