Handbuch der orientalistik section eight central asia

We can see the following regularities here:

1. Japanese can have here only *a or *i, which would point to a distinc-

tion of two types: *CiaCa and *CiaCi.

2. In cases when Jpn. has *a, Mongolian usually has *a (*gal-, *kadararj,

*kari, *malu, *tasu-, *nam; exceptions are only *bilcayu and *seke~), whereas in cases when Jpn. has *i, Mongolian only has *e/*i {*sira, *3irke, *nica-f *(h)enike)

3. Korean frequently has * a here (but also a number of *a/a cases, with a

distribution not yet clear).

There is a special group of cases where all the correspondences are basically the same, but TM has *i instead of the expected *ia:

PA	PTM	PT	PM	Kor.	Jpn.
*kiada	*xidar			*karab-	*kaju-
*siafi	*siru-	*siaf	*sirayu	*hark	*situ
*siaii	*silki		*silbi	*sarh	*sisi
*ziabsa	*sibsV	*jasimuk	*sisi		*sasa(n)kai
*k'iali	*xilrjii	*Kele-	*kele-	*karo-
*zialVbi	*silba-	*jelbi-	*silbe-	*sjarb-	*sira(m)p-

It can be easily seen that all these cases involve words with initial fricatives and short vowels, as opposed to cases with all other initial consonants or with fricatives and long vowels. We may therefore safely postulate a rule according to which the short diphthong Ma- changed to *-i- in PTM after fricative consonants.

Thus, the correspondence rules for PA *CiaCa and *CiaCi are:

CHAPTER TWO 123

PA	PTM	PT	PM	Kor.	Jpn.
*ia-a	*ia/*Si	*ia(/ja-)/e	*a(/e)	*a/*A	*a
*ia-i	*ia/*SI	*ia(/ja-)/e	*e/i	*a/*A	*i

But these are not all correspondences involving diphthongs. We also find a number of cases where Turkic has the same as above, viz. *ia or, sometimes, *e, corresponding to PJ *a. In these cases TM has not *ia, but usually *i, while Mong. has a variation of i/e and a, and Korean, a variation of *i and *a/*a (sometimes *ja). Here we reconstruct PA *CiaCe:

PA	PTM	PT	PM	Kor.	Jpn.
*cfiak'e	*ciK-	*ciak-	*cag	*cek	*taki
*iare(KV)	*irki	*Erin	*eriwii-		*eta(n)kapi
*kfiak'e	*(x)ig$a-	*K(i)ak	*kagda-
*niake	*nikimna	*jaka	*nigur-su
*niame	*nim(b)a	*jAm	*namaya	*nimar
*riiame	*riim-	*jem-tir-	*3ime	*namira	*mama-
*niane	*nini-	*jAnil	*niyul		*nenesir-
*riiafe	*riiru-	*jaf-	*1iru-	*nirk-
*riiarke	*nirku-	*jarkak	*1irge-		*ma(n)k-
*piat'e	*pita-	*b(i)at	*hataya		*petap-
*piat'e	*pit(a)	*biat	*bat-	*patik
*P'i^e	*pigi-n	*jag--	*(h)aya-	*pi
*tiare	*3ir-	*d(i)ar		*tjer-
*ziare	*sir-	*jara	*sirka		*sar-
*3Jap'e	*3ipu-	*japitak	*3ajidan

A quite complicated problem is involved in reconstructing PA se­quences *CiaCo and *CiaCu. There is a significant number of cases where Turkic has a *-ia-diphthong, Japanese shows *a, Korean, *a or *o/u and Mongolian, *e/i. The correspondence is therefore quite similar to *CaCo (see above), and it seems plausible to reconstruct here *CiaCo. PTM, however, quite unexpectedly has here a labialized vowel (*o/u):

PA	PTM	PT	PM	Kor.	Jpn.
*kiamo	*kum-	*Kiam	*keme-		*kamu-
*kiajo	*koja	*K(i)ajir	*kej		*kai-
*kiaro	*kori	*K(i)arga	*kerije	*kar-	*kara-su
*kfiaco	*xusu-	*K(i)aca	*kicir	*kocai	*kasunkapi
*k'iano	*xunl-kta	*Kian
*miak'6	*muxa-	*b(i)ak	*mekeji-		*manka

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INTRODUCTION

PA	PTM	PT	PM	Kor.	Jpn.
*miak o	*moKo(lV)-	*b(i)aka	*meke-lej	*makuri
*p iac o	*pfic-	*iaci-g		rpci-)
*siabo	*soba		*seyul		*sawua
*sjalo(-kV)	*soluki	*sialik	*sileyii-su	(*sira-)
*zia[k']6	*suka-		*segle-	*suk-	*sanka-
*t'iarko	*turki		*terge	*tarko
*t'ialo	nan	*T(i)alk-	*telej	*tar-	*tara-