Handbuch der orientalistik section eight central asia

*kuta, *kuci > *kusu-f *krudl > *xudeki, *kruli > *xule~, *mujrji > *murji,
*miisi > *musunr *mutl > *mute-, *pruri > *pur-, *pruji > *pu-r *pfudi >
*pude-f *pruli > *pule~, *pruli > *pule-, *prukrrji > *puvjku, *suri > *suru-,
*tugi > *dug-, *tur)l > *durj~, *turi > *duru-n, *trupri > *tupi-, *trutri >
*tute-, *truli > *tuli-, *uli > *ule-, *zuli > *suli-, *jugi > *?>ugu-.

2. Mongolian has either *ii or *6 (but normally no back reflexes):

*buli > *buli~, *duli > *diilei, *gurgi > *gureye, *guri > *giir, *guldi > *guldi-, *kuri > *kurijen, *kuci > *kuci-n, *k'uli > *kujilen, *pruri > *hiire, *pruri > *(h)ure-, *p'ukfT)i > *hur}gu-, *tugi > *tugsi-, *tumi > *durjgur, *turi > *diiri, *t'uji > *tujit-, *uli > *(h)ulte-, *uci > *ujuyur, *ziili > *sulbe-*zunti> *sunde-su, *prudi > *hiide-

*cu\i > *colu-, *duri > *dbru, *guri > *gdrii-, *guri > *gor-, *kurji > *kow, *krudi > *kddu-su, *mujrji > *moyer-su, *miisi > *mosu(n), *mut'i > *moci-, *nuli > *nb\uye, *pruji > *(h)djeye, *prukji > *(h)dgjeg, *p'uli > *(h)blmej,

CHAPTER TWO 119

*sujli > *sol, *turi > *dorseji-f *truki > *tdgiiS', *tfuli > *tolob, *tfumi > *tbmu-sun, *itri > *ori, *$ugi > *$dye-

3. Turkic may have a back *u or a front *u:

*buli > *bulga-, *gurgi > *Kurgak, *kuri > *Kur~, *k'uli > *Kulaf *mujr}i > *buji]uf (but also *bujr)uf), *musi > *bus, *nuli > *juli-, *pruri > *urug, *p'iiji > *uji-, *prudi > *ud~, *puri > *ur~, *sujli > *suli (but also *$uli), *t'uji > Tujug, *t'uli > *dul, *t%ni > *tum-gu-f *uli > *ula~, *uci > *uc, *zunti > *junt

*culi > *culik-, *duri > *}ur-, *duh > *jul-, *guri > *gur, *gufi > *gur-, *gim
*Kiir, *guli > *giil, *guldi > *gul-, *kurji > *gux), *kutci > *Kute(re), *kuci

*guc, *k'udi > *kiidir > (with assimilation) *kidif, *pruli > *uU, *peukri]i

*uk~, *suri > *sur-, *mufi > *but-, *tugl > *dug-, *tumi > *dum-, *tui]i > *dur}Ur, *turi > *dur, *tiiidi > *dul-un-, *turi > *dur-, *tuti > *dutuk, *fuki

*tuke~, *tup'i > *tubkur-, *t'ut'i > *tiit-, *t'utl > *Tut-, *uri > *uf-f *zuli

*jiil~, *3ugi > *ju-.

4. Korean may have *o/*u or *i:

*duli > *tor (but also *tur-), *kiici > *k6cak, *mu\c\ > *mdt(d)-, *puri > *pdri, *uli > *ori-.

*culi > *cur-, *guri > *kiirk-, *nuli > *niiri-, .*sujli > *sui, *trut'i > *tutiri-, *uci > *ucuk.

*gufi > *km-, *giiri > *kiri-, *muji]i > *mU'im, *puli > *pirhai, *p'uli > *phir~, *suri > *sir-,*tuldi > *tid~, *trutci > *tti-f *3ugi > *cl- (probably < *#;- < *cig-).

PTM *o/u : PJ *a

This correlation points to PA *CuCo when Turkic and Mongolian have back vowels (PT *u, PM *u/o); Korean in these cases also has *o/u or *i. l.TM:

*pulo > *polo-kta, *krulo > *xol- (but also *xul~), *muro > *mo, *put'o > *pota, *ujd > *oji-.

*bilio > *buli-, *guno > *gun-f *kuro(mV) > *kurumV, *krul(g)o > *xu\gu~, *luko > *luke~, *pugo > *pug-, *piilo > *pul-, *uco > *(x)uca-f *uso > *usi-.

2. Mongolian:

*pulo > *boli-, *kuro(mV) > *kormaj, *k'ulo > *kolkida~, *luko > *nogtu-, *muro > *mo-du.

*guno > *guni-, *kupfro > *kuyur, *krul(g)o > *kulu-su, *puteo > *buta, *pugd > *bug, *priilo > *hurul, *ulo > *uli-.

3. Korean:

a) *kuro(mV) > *korim, *krul(g)o > *kor, *muro > *mdro, *prillo > *p6r-, *iiso >

*6s.

b) *k'ulo > *kubir- (?), *ulo > *ur-.

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c) *bulo > *pird~, *guno > *ktmr-, *luko > *niktai.

PTM *u/o : PJ *u

This correlation may point, as we noticed above, to PA *CoCif *CoCu and *CuCL However, in cases where PT has a back *u (corresponding to PTM *u/o and PJ *u) it seems possible to reconstruct PA *CuCu. Other languages have the usual labialized reflexes here (*o/u in TM, *o/u in Mongolian, *o/u in Korean):

1. TM:

a) *kusu > *kosikta, *munu > *mor}-nV-, *suku > *soka-, *uku > *oKa-, *ukru >

*(x)oksa-, *umu > *omu- (but also *umu-)',

b) *gutru > *gutu-, *kumu > *kum-, *kiigu > *kuku, *lurju > *Iutjut, *nurju >
*mtrjari, *rjuju > *r)u(j)a, *p'ucu > *pusi(-kV), *tuju > *duja, *tujkru >
*duKu-, *fumu > *tumrju-f *ulukV> *ulek, *zilru > *suru.

2. Mongolian:

*nur]u > *nowur-, *rjuju > *nojir, *tujkru > *doki-f *trumu > *tom-;

*ciigii > *cug-, *gufu > *gutu-, *kumu > *kumi-, *ku$u > *kusiga, *munu >

*mun-f *suku > *sugu~, *tuju > *duyul-, *uju > *uj, *iiku > *ugtu-, *uk'u > *uka-, *ulukV> *ulig, *umu > *(h)umaj.

3. Korean

*c vigil > *cdk, *kugu > *kdhai, *suku > *sok-kori;

*iiku > *iihii-r *umu>*um.

In a couple of cases (usually in the vicinity of labials) Kor. has an unexpected reflex -a-/-a- here, possibly due to dissimilation: *kumu > *kam~, *prucu > *pdcim, *tujkrii > *tpk-.

Since PA *CuCu and *CuCo are kept distinct only in Japanese (and in a few cases where Korean has *QC- < *CuCo), it is generally difficult to distinguish those two types of root structure from each other.

2.4.6 Diphthongs

Among subgroups of Altaic, diphthongs are present in Turkic (only *ia), Tungus-Manchu (*ia and *iu; the latter is usually noted as *ii in the reconstruction of Benzing and Tsintsius which we follow, but was probably phonetically rather something like *iu), Korean (-ja-, -je-, -ju-) and Japanese (*ua, *ia, *ai, *ui, *ei). All Japanese diphthongs usually originate from various contractions after the loss of intervocalic conso­nants (see above); the only exception is *ua which can go back to PA *u in the context *CuCe. Korean diphthongs are generally unstable and may also reflect various contractions, but in some cases do represent original diphthongs (see below). We shall see, however, that most

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original diphthongs can also be represented by Korean monophthongs, due to the general instability of Korean vocalism.

The reliable sources for reconstructing the PA system of diphthongs are thus Turkic and Tungus-Manchu.

We find the following rows of correspondences involving diph­thongs in PT and PTM:

2.4.6.1. PTM *ia : PT *ia

PA	PTM	PT	PM	Kor.	Jpn.
*bialca	*bial-	*bialc	*bilcayu		*bansa-papi
*giala	*giala-	*Kial-	*gal-		*kara-
*|akri	*iaKu	*iak-			*ika-i
*ianti	*iandaku	*(i)anduk	*jeri
*kiamp'a	*kiam/pa	*K(i)am/pak		*kama	*kam(p)-
*kiata	*kiata	*K(i)atir-	*kadararj		*katu-
*kiadi	*kiade-le-	*K(i)adi-	*ka^i	*kjad-
k iara	*(x)iaru-n	*K(i)aril	*kari		*kara
*k'iapra	*xiap-	*K(i)apan	*kab-
*miali(kfV)	*mia(l)-	*b(i)alk-	*mel-	*mark-
*p'iaka	*piaKa	*iagir			*pankia-
*siajri	*siaru-	*siarig	*sira	*hai-	*sirua-
*siakfa	*siaK-	*siak-	*seke-	(*skai-)	*saka-
*tfiakfa	*tiaku	*tiakigu	*takija
*t'iasa	*tias-	*t(i)as	*tasu		*tasi-

In some cases Turkic may have *e as an old (dialectal?) variant of *ia:

PA	PTM	PT	PM	Kor.	Jpn.
*miat'i	*miata	*bet	*metu
*hiafi	*ri(i)ari	*jefne	*3er-me-	*nar-na-	*mitu
*pfjalbi	*pialaki	*jelbe			*pimpari
*siagi	*siakta	*segiit	*siyer
*siasa	*siasi-n	*ses			*sasa

To these examples we may add a number of others where Turkic has initial *ja-, because the sequences *ja- and *jia- are not distinguished there:

PA	PTM	PT	PM	Kor.	Jpn.
*diari	*3(i)arami	*jar-	*3irke	*tarami	t(d)itati

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PA	PTM	PT	PM	Kor.	Jpn.
Tatf	*iag-^akta	lag	*eyuku
ViSnc'i	*pianci-	*janc-	*nica-		*pintak-
*njala	*nial-	*jAl-ki-	*naliyur	*nara
*n|aria	*riiani-	*jah-			*nama-
*riiama	*niama	*jAmac	*nam		*mama
"niali	*h(i)ali-	•jal	*nilayu	*n£r
*rijiami	*riiam-	*jam	*3im
*p'jalk'i	*pialki-	*jAlki-		*pankai	*pikar-
*p'iank'i	*piankV	*jArjak	*(h)enike		*pinkurai
*ziani	*sian-	*jarjak	*sinaya
*.1iajna	*#an-	*jan-		*cai	*dani
*1iak'a	*3iaka	*jaka	*3aki-