Handbuch der orientalistik section eight central asia

CHAPTER THREE

145

Notes.

In most languages (except Tur. and Gag.) > m- before a following nasal, with slightly differing rules. The same is true for (*-p-) > *-b- > *-m- in the second syllable.

Voicing occurs on morpheme boundaries and occasionally - in cases

of morphological reanalysis (cf. cases like Tat. sipir- / sibir- to Sweep', where 4r- could have been re-analysed as a causative suf­fix).

Probably dialectal variants, occasionally rendered in orthography.

Depending on vocalic environment.

After labialized vowels.

Depending on vocalic environment and with dialect variation.

See more details in PP.

*t-, *d-, *c- > c- in front of -i-, 4-.

-d- in the intervocalic cluster *-rt- and in the beginning of auxiliary

morphemes.

Occasionally recorded as voiceless in Verbitskiy's materials.

-d- in the beginning of auxiliary morphemes.

*-t-, -c- > -3- in front of -i-, 4-.

*d- > t- before the following voiceless -x-.

Variation in dialects and recordings.

Variation in dialects.

*s- > s- in front of -i-, 4-.

Distribution unclear.

*-s- > -z- in front of 4-, 4-.

In some dialects lost with compensatory vowel nasalization.

In dialects also 3-.

In dialects also variants 3-, z- before narrow vowels.

Normally j before a, o, 6, u, ii, e; 3 before e, i, i; but the distribution may be additionally somewhat confused because of dialect varia­tion.

In most languages is not distinguished from *-j-, but causes nasali­zation of initial *b- > m-.

Frequently causes nasalization of initial *j- > n-.

Before back vowels voiceless *k- and voiced *g- cannot be distin­guished in PT; in this position we usually write *K-.

Depending on whether the following/preceding vowel is front or back.

Depending on whether the following vowel is wide or narrow.

Depending on whether the original following/preceding vowel was front or back.

146

INTRODUCTION

Depending on whether the original following/preceding vowel was front or back. *K- > j- before an original diphthong.

Reconstructable only before front vowels.

Devoicing of final *-g is a characteristic feature of the Karluk lan­guages; however, both in Uzbek and in Uighur it occurs irregularly, depending probably on morphological derivational analogies.

In the end of a polysyllabic word. Details see in PP.

Variation in dialects; in case of disappearance nasalization is pre­served on the preceding vowel.

In dialects also -g- or -0-.

In some combinations and in the end of a polysyllabic word.

In combinations with palatals - n, in some vocalic environments - j.

Distribution not quite clear.

Basic vowel correspondences between Turkic languages

PT

OUygh

Karakh

Yak

Tuva

Tof

Khak

Shor

Oyr

Kirgh

Uygh

Uzb

Kaz, KKalp

Nog

Bashk

Tat

Kum

Balk

Kara

i

i

4

i

i

i

a

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

e

e

i

i

i

1

i

|i

f

i

i

e

i

i

i

i

|i

i

i

e

e

i

i

i

e

(i)

(i)

i

e

e

i

e

ie

e

e, a39

e

e

e

i

i

e

e

e

e

(i)

(i)

1

e

e

i

e

e

e

e, a39

e

e

e

i

i

e

e

e

e

(e)

(e)

e

e

e

i

€

e

e

e, a39

e, a41

e

e

i

i

e

e

e

e

(e)

(e)

ie

e

e

i

e

e

e

e, a39

e

e

e

i

i

e

e

e

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a,e43

a, j?44

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a, e43

a,?44

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

i

a

a

a

a

a

a

a,e43

a, j44

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

[a

a

a

i

a

a

a

a

a

a

a,e43

a,?44

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

ji

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

fi

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

j

i

i

i

i

i

|u

u

u

u

u

u

u

u

u

u

u

u

u

u

o

o

u

u

u

|u

u

u

u

u

u

u

u

u

u

u

u

u

u

o

o

u

u

u

P

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

u

o

o

u

u

o

o

o