AUDIOSCRIPTS
The Complete Guide To IELTS
(
STUDENT’S BOOK AUDIOSCRIPTS)
4
This is very bad news for wildlife for many reasons.
Firstly, small areas of rainforest don’t have the
same volume of vegetation as larger areas, and so
provide less of the food
– in particular fruit – needed
to support complex ecosystems. This means it can
support fewer plant-eating animals, and even fewer
of the large animals which prey on them.
Secondly, large animals need large territories, but
they also need access to the territories of other
populations of their own species. Unfortunately for
many species of land animal, a piece of forest a
kilometre away on the other
side of a cattle farm
may as well be on the other side of the world
because it can’t cross the farmland. This leads to a
reduction in genetic diversity.
Finally, another problem occurs when a large
proportion of a rainforest habitat is bordering
farmland. This is known as the edge effect. Farming
practices change the quality of the habitat where it
meets the forest, affecting the amount of light and
shade and the temperature. Evidence of this can be
found in poor tree growth and the absence of many
animal species up to one hundred metres in from
the forest edge. Additionally, rainforest bordering
farmland is more likely to attract hunting parties.
Often it is the biggest species that are absent in
these small areas of rainforest: large grazing
mammals which need a lot of land and vegetation,
like elephants, or those at the top of their food chain
like lions. However, small animals are also
vulnerable, especially if they rely on a very specific
diet. Indeed, many of the most endangered species
in the world are small animals that live a fragile
existence.
Assessing biodiversity starts with trying to work out
how many species there are in an area, and
estimating how many individuals there are of each
species based on how many you find. The most
basic method is to simply walk through a habitat
and keep your eyes and ears open for
the animals
themselves or signs of them. This works for noisy
animals such as monkeys, or birds with identifiable
nests, or creatures with predictable hiding habits,
such as some snakes. Despite being simple, this
technique does need careful consideration
– timing
and location are everything.
Trapping methods are useful for
a wide range of
different animals which are harder to spot. Small,
ground-dwelling animals such as rodents and frogs
can all be assessed with traps, for example, a
temporary fence is put up
– usually a long sheet of
plastic. In trying to get around it, the animals fall into
buckets dug into the ground. These have a layer of
soil and leaves at the bottom and the animals stay
there until they can be checked, recorded and
released. Flying species such as bats and low-flying
birds can be trapped using fine nets called mist
nets.
For those animals that are elusive and more difficult
to trap, camera traps are great for determining the
presence of that species but are unlikely to be able
to provide a good estimate of the number of
individuals in a population.
For those animals that can be caught, a microchip
can be inserted under the skin so it can be identified
if caught again. Calculating how many captures are
actually ‘recaptures’ provides an estimate of how
many of that species there are in total.
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