Giorgi baRaTuria

saxelmwifosa da biznesis urTierToba
politikuri procesi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc erTgvari `politikuri TamaSi~, romelsac Tavisi wesebi aqvs da romelTa ignorireba iwvevs politikuri procesis aramdgradobas, politikosTa da moxeleTa karieris dasasruls. `politikuri TamaSis~ wesebis Tanaxmad saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebebs gansazRvravs qveynis politikuri xelisufleba, xolo saxelmwifo moxeleebi, profesionali menejerebi da administratorebi axdenen am gadawyvetilebaTa praqtikul realizebas. saxelmwifo moxeleebi, menejerebi, administratorebi sistematurad ar monawileoben gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, Tumca, politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros aucilebelia maTi, rogorc mocemuli dargis eqspertebis codnisa da gamocdilebis gamoyeneba. magram, xSirad, Znelia mkafio zRvris gatareba politikossa da menejers Soris. realurad, ganasakuTrebiT e.w. `axalgazrda demokratiis~ qveynebSi arsebobs imis saSiSroeba, rom politikuri xelmZRvaneloba Caerios menejmentis profesiul saqmianobaSi, iseve rogorc administraciulma aparatma moipovis zegavlena politikuri xelisuflebaze da ukarnaxos mas politikuri gadawyvetilebebi.
meore mxriv, SesaZloa ise moxdes, rom kargi politikuri gadawyvetileba, romelic miRebulia mosaxleobis gulis mogebis mizniT, ver ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva obieqturi mizezis gamo. aseTi obieqturi mizezebi SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad, saWiro resursebisa da saSualebebis ukmarisoba, Semsrulebeli personalis arasakmarisi kvalifikacia dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad, cudi menejmenti da/an monitoringi samuSaoTa Sesrulebis dros da a.S. samuSaoTa araswori dagegmvis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa kargi ideebic da swori strategiac administraciul rutinaSi Caeflos da sxv. efeqtiani saxelmwifo marTvisTvis aucilebelia saxelmwifo marTvis resursebisa da meTodebis Sexameba arsebul SesaZleblobebsa da riskebTan.
socialur-ekonomikur procesebSi saxelmwifos Carevis ori ukiduresi modeli arsebobs. erTia adminstraciul-mbrZaneblobiTi sistema, rodesac politikuri xelisuflebis mier mTlianad reglamentirebulia qveynis rogorc ekonomikuri, ise socialuri da kulturuli cxovreba. aseTia arademokratiuli, avtoritaruli reJimebis mqone saxelmwifoebi. meorea biznesis sferos sruli Tavisufleba, aq saxelmwifo mxolod `Ramis darajis~ rols asrulebs. aseTi modelia damkvidrebuli demokratiuli, ganviTarebuli qveynebis umetesobaSi, gansakuTrebiT aSS-Si.
sabWoTa komunisturi ideologiis TvalsazrisiT, sazogadoebis marTvis principebi erTxel da samudamod savsebiT ganisazRvra marqsizm-leninizmis moZRvrebiT. sazogadoebis marTva e.w. ,,mecnieruli komunizmis“ moZRvrebis mixedviT xorcieldeboda, qveynis ekonomikuri sistemisa ki _ administraciul-mbrZanebluri meTodebiT, romlebic politbiuros dadgenilebebiT ganisazRvreboda da srulebiT gamoricxavda arsebuli realobis gaTvaliswinebas anu marTvis procesSi ukukavSiris rgolis gaTvaliswinebas. biznes-saqmianoba ki srulebiT warmoudgenelia ukukavSiris Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.
saxelmwifo marTvis sabWouri sistemis mTavari naklovaneba gaxldaT marTvis procesSi ukukavSiris rgolis ignorireba anu ar xdeboda sazogadoebis azris da, Tundac, realurad arsebuli saSinao Tu sagareo ekonomikuri da politikuri viTarebis gaTvaliswineba. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis ekonomikaSi Carevis gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino uaryofiTi magaliTia sabWoTa kavSiris lideris _ n. xruSCovis saqmianoba.
erTi mxriv, sabWoTa kavSirs gaaCnda umdidresi resursebi, mosaxleoba gamoirCeoda udidesi moTminebiT da naklebi pretenziulobiT, geografiuli garemo (didi sivrce) ganapirobebda iolad marTvadi xalxis fsiqologias. meore mxriv, qveyanaSi moqmedebda kargad formalizebuli, mecnierulad dasabuTebuli da struqturizebuli komunisturi ideologia, romliTac wlebis ganmavlobaSi SesaZlebeli gaxda adamianTa uzarmazari masebis organizeba komunisturi partiis liderTa mier dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad. sabWoTa kavSiris kraxis mravali mizezi arsebobs (maT Soris, ideologiis siyalbe) _ strategiuli dagegmvisa da marTvis TvalTaxedviT erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mizezia araswori marTva. sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli marTvis administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistema icnobda mxolod marTvis vertikals, msgavsad SeiaraRebul ZalebSi arsebuli marTvis sistemisa. brZanebebi gaicema zemodan qvemoT, arsebobs mxolod erTi `swori~ Sexeduleba. es Sexeduleba ekuTvnis zemdgom Tanamdebobis pirs. brZanebis mimRebis azri `zemoT~ aravis ainteresebs. qveyanas marTavda partiuli da sameurneo vertikali: zemodan modis direqtivebi, unda Sesruldes. araviTari ukukavSiri. amasTan, paradoqsulia, rom sakuTriv samxedro sferoSi, maSin, rodesac es marTla saWiroa (omebis dros) ukukavSiri realurad xorcieldeba. brZanebis vertikalze daSvebamde xdeba informaciisa (dazvervis monacemebis) da rekomendaciebis Sekreba frontebidan, xolo brZanebis Sesruleba mkacrad kontroldeba realuri drois reJimSi.
mainc, avtoritaruli reJimebiTac aris SesaZlebeli ekonomikuri warmatebis miRweva, Tu biznesi Tavisufalia saxelmwifos mkacrad reglamentirebuli (diqtatoruli) Carevisgan.
avtoritaruli sistemebis warmatebuli ekonomikis saukeTeso magaliTia singapuris miRwevebi [3], sadac erTpartiuli mmarTvelobiT (e.w. ,,inteleqtis diqtaturiT”) miRweulia msoflioSi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis erT-erTi umaRlesi done. avtoritaruli mmarTvelobiT miRweuli politikur-ekonomikuri warmatebis magaliTebia, agreTve, Cile (pinoCetis diqtatura) da espaneTi (frankos diqtatura). sagulisxmoa aRiniSnos, rom am qveynebSi avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis mier politikuri stabilurobis miRwevis Semdeg misi demokratiul sistemiT Secvla, faqtobrivad, umtkivnulod ganxorcielda. aqve aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom marTalia memarjvene diqtatura ekonomikurad ufro efeqtiania, vidre memarcxene, magram normalur demokratiasTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro nakleb efeqtiania, Tumca, rogorc istoriuli gakveTilebidan Cans, sabolood, memarjvene ekonomikuri diqtatura TandaTan gadadis politikuri mmarTvelobis demokratiul sistemaSi, sadac damyarebulia normaluri liberaluri ekonomikuri urTierTobebi.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikis saxelmwifo marTvis saintereso nimuSia kunZul taivanis gamocdileba [4], sadac diqtatoruli reJimidan TandaTan ganxorcielda saxelmwifos mier regulirebul sabazro ekonomikaze da srul demokratiaze gadasvla, agreTve, saqarTveloSi mimdinare ekonomikuri eqsperimentebi XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi, romelic met-naklebi warmatebiT xorcieldeboda, miuxedavad sabWoTa kavSiris centraluri xelisuflebis mier ekonomikis reglamentirebuli diqtatisa [5]. msgavsi reformebi grandiozuli masStabiT da sruli ekonomikuri warmatebiT Caatara CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi den siao-pinma [6]. sabWoTa kavSiris reformirebis mcdeloba ki, romelsac ssrk-s lideri mixeil gorbaCovi atarebda 1985-91 wlebSi (,,perestroika”), warumateblad dasrulda, radganac erTdroulad ver ganxorcielda komunisturi saxelmwifos rogorc ideologiuri, aseve ekonomikuri gardaqmna _ ukve metismetad dagvianebuli iyo. praqtikulad monoeTnikuri CineTisgan gansxvavebiT sabWoTa kavSiris reformirebas arTulebda agreTve misi mravalerovnuloba da sxvadasxva erebis miswrafeba erovnuli damoukideblobisken. rogorc ki SesaZlebeli gaxda azris met-naklebad Tavisufali gamoxatva e.w. `glasnostis~ periodSi, maSinve wina planze gamovidnen erovnuli moZraobebis liderebi, romlebic srulebiTac ar iyvnen dainteresebulni sabWoTa kavSiris reformirebasa da SenarCunebaSi
piriqiT, Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis principebis gamoyenebam aSS-Si mZlavri stimuli misca saxelmwifo marTvis axali mecnieruli meTodebis SemuSavebas, ramac ganapiroba sul ufro garTulebuli sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis efeqtiani marTva da ganviTareba. magram, mainc, verc aSS gadaurCa ekonomikur krizisebs.
ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi saxelmwifos ekonomikaSi Carevis aucilebloba Teoriulad daasabuTa ingliselma mecnierma j. keinsma me-20 saukunis 30-iani wlebis bolos. keinsis azriT TviTregulirebadi ekonomikis koncefcia mcdaria. man ganaviTara idea sabazro ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis Sesaxeb [7]. ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulireba sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, keinsis azriT, unda ganxorcieldes ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT:

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  saxelmwifos gamgeblobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis uSualo marTviT;
  
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  sabazro ekonomikis iribi saxelmwifo regulirebiT saxelmwifo biujetis, sagadasaxado da sabaJo politikiT, sakredito-fuladi sistemiT da a.S.
  

rogorc aRmoCnda, Tavisufali mewarmeobis pirobebSi, praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, keinsis Teoriuli debulebebi mTlianobaSi miuRebelia. mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros keinsis mosazrebebi SesaZlebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnes mxolod nawilobriv, arasavaldebulo rCevebis saxiT. didi britaneTis mTavroba asec iqceoda, meore msoflio omis dros keinsi iyo didi britaneTis mTavrobis konsultanti saomari drois ekonomikisa da omisSemdgomi ekonomikuri aRorZinebis sakiTxebSi. rogorc CerCilma SeniSna misTvis damaxasiaTebeli iumoriT _ "If you put two economists in a room, you get two opinions, unless one of them is Lord Keynes, in which case you get three opinions." [8]
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri krizisidan gamoyvanis saqmeSi metad mniSvnelovani, gadamwyveti roli miekuTvneba aSS-is prezidents _ franklin delano ruzvelts. ruzvelti ar icnobda keinsis Sromebs. ufro metic, rodesac man keinsis specialurad misTvis gakeTebuli moxseneba moismina, ukmayofilo darCa da ase ganacxada: `keinsi ufro maTematikosia, vidre politekonomisti~ [9]. me-20 sukunis 30-iani wlebis mZvinvare ekonomikuri krizisis daZleva ruzveltma ganaxorciela e.w. axali kursis~ meSveobiT, rac misi politikuri gadawyvetilebebis Sedegi galdaT [10]. `axali kursi~ iTvaliswinebda sxvadasxva socialur programebs, muSaTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas, Tavisufali mewarmeobisadmi erTgvar konkurencias saxelmwifos mxridan da sxv. sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebis dafinansebiT saxelmwifo xelovnurad qmnida samuSao adgilebs, ramac mniSvnelovnad Seamcira umuSevrobis done. `axali kursis~ gatarebaSi ruzvelts did winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen kongresi da uzenaesi sasamarTlo, ramdenime saxelmwifo programa, rogorc antikonstituciuri, aikrZala kidec, magram, ruzveltma swori politikiT mainc moaxerxa `axali kursiT~ gaTvaliswinebuli ZiriTadi miznebis miRweva _ aSS-Si socialur-politikuri stabilurobis SenarCuneba da ekonomikuri aRmavlobis stimulireba.
saxelmwifos ekonomikur-socialur cxovrebaSi Carevis aucileblobisa da zomis gansazRvra aris efeqtiani saxelmwifo menejmentis erT-erTi mTavari maCvenebeli. am TvalsazrisiT, aSS-is erT-erTi saukeTeso prezidenti, didi saxelmwifo moRvawe da politikosi franklin delano ruzvelti namdvilad efeqtiani menejeri iyo.
daskvna
politikuri procesebis marTvaSi principulad SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT biznesis marTvis meTodebi, ZiriTadad, politikuri da saxelmwifo marTvis procesebis menejmentis TvalsazrisiT. magram, nebismieri warmatebuli biznesmeni avtomaturad ver gaxdeba warmatebuli saxelmwifo menejeri. efeqtiani saxelmwifo marTvisTvis aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnas saxelmwifo struqturebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli reglamentacia da procedurebi, rac, sazogadod ucxoa biznes-menejerebisTvis. aseve, warsulSi efeqtianma saxelmwifo moxelem SesaZlebelia warmatebulad imuSavos biznesis marTvis feroSi, sazogadod, saxelmwifo moxelis gamocdileba sasargeblo iqneba biznesis administrirebis TvalsazrisiT.