Without consideration, without pity, without shame
They built around me a great towering wall.
And now I sit here and despair.
I think of nothing else: this fate gnaws at my mind;
for I had many things to do out there.
When they were building the walls, how could I not be aware?
Yet never did I hear the clatter of the builder, or any sound
Imperceptibly they shut off me from the outside world.
– Constantine P. Cavafy, ‘Walls’
li was thin. His eyes had sunken in, and his cheeks clung to his
face.
When I met him, he hadn’t seen or spoken to another person in
over three weeks. His house was dark and dilapidated. All the windows
were closed and sealed, and all the light was snuffed out. Old
newspapers were stuck together and plastered onto the windows; another
thick layer of duct tape held these papers together and sealed any gaps
around the edges. The darkened windows reminded me of photographs I
had seen from wartime Sarajevo. The borderlands had become a
different kind of a battlefront.
Ali was fighting the light, and he had lived in this darkness for
almost two years now. He refused to allow candlelight inside his home,
so we sat in blackness. His house had nothing except a worn-down
mattress, and two shirts and a pair of dark grey trousers that hung right
next to the main wooden door.
Ali’s childhood friend Jamshed ran a small hardware store, and
convinced me to travel with him to see Ali. He had heard from the local
teacher whom I had interviewed days earlier that I was ‘speaking to
people about the border’. So Jamshed found me at the hotel where I was
staying, bringing a small plastic bag full of images of himself and his
friend Ali. I told him I wasn’t a journalist, and this wouldn’t be in any
newspaper.
‘The border runs through him,’ Jamshed told me. ‘You have to
speak to him. You have to. He is almost gone, but I don’t want his story
to be gone too. Will you write this down?’
Two days later, Jamshed picked me up early in the morning, and we
drove to Ali’s house. Jamshed lives near the hamlet of Murikhawa,
cradled by the river Mahananda, which acts as a natural border between
India and Bangladesh here. The town of Tetulia, or the ‘City of Dreams’,
in Bangladesh, is only 600 yards away. The Murikhawa border outpost
in Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, was one of the first places to install the
border fence and floodlights.
When the boundary was announced in 1947, this section of the
border was forgotten and left unmarked due to an administrative
oversight. Some villages that lie within Indian territory remain off the
official map. Some appear as part of Bangladesh. Conversely, some
villages on the Bangladesh side appear within the Indian map.
1
From here, we drove another forty miles east towards Ali’s house,
and it took us almost half a day. We passed through three BSF
checkpoints, and were stopped at each for over an hour. At the last
checkpoint, the guard made the biggest fuss.
After much back and forth, Jamshed convinced the guards to let us
through. I left my Nikon DSLR camera with them as collateral, and after
more negotiations, a box of Cadbury chocolates I happened to have with
me finalised the agreement. They would allow us to pass, but we had to
return before sundown.
Ali lived right on the edge of the India–Bangladesh border. His
village, once porous, was now almost completely sealed off and floodlit
by the enormous lights on the borderline. Once the village thrived on the
cross-border markets and cattle trade, but now it was almost empty. In
the last sixty years, agriculture had become unsustainable, fish
disappeared from the rivers, almost everyone slid into debt, and people
were forced to move because of cyclones and the constant flooding of
the region. In some cases, people moved after bouts of violence. ‘It gets
worse each year,’ Jamshed told me, as we walked towards Ali’s house.
No one reports on these ‘small pogroms’, Jamshed said, alluding to the
steady rise in violence against Muslims communities that lived there. We
walked another twenty minutes down the winding road that took us past
a small seasonal river. The border fence was visible from this small
country road, ugly and menacing, submerged in at least a foot of marshy
water.
Jamshed remarked that ‘all this land was once rivers and chars’,
remade after every rain. Large parts of these rivers were reclaimed to
build these border fences. But the men who put these fences here forgot
that the river always finds its way back and, because the fences hover
over soft marshes, people can easily duck under to cross back and forth.
Unlike the Punjab border, where the area was cleared of people, the
Bengal border was messy. How do you remove twenty million people
from their homes?
A few minutes later, I saw a floodlight emerge between the lush
green trees. Jamshed pointed to one of these floodlights, and told me,
‘Below the light is where Ali is.’ The terrain became wetter and marshier
the farther we walked. The last two houses we passed before Ali’s were
abandoned.
As if in a panopticon, a large floodlight stood just a few feet behind
Ali’s house. The floodlights had been erected almost three years before,
and the bases of these structures were already turning crimson red from
the rust. Ali’s home appeared on no maps. It lay on one of the last
remaining stretches of porous, unfenced international border left over
from an administrative error. There are still parts of the border where no
one quite knows where India ends and Bangladesh begins. Even the BSF
soldiers sent to guard these arbitrary lines often ended up on the wrong
side by mistake.
Jamshed went inside to greet Ali and convinced him to come out for
a bit. Ali then stepped out of his house with his hands stretched out to
touch the walls for support. It took him a few minutes to adjust to the
light.
Jamshed had brought his friend some local cookies, flavoured with
rose water.
Ali looked famished and small. The handsome young man I had
seen in Jamshed’s pictures a few days back had clearly changed.
I would compare many photographs from the past to the many
people in front of me as I travelled the length of the border. Those who
stood before me as I listened to their stories were vastly different from
the images of themselves they showed me. The photos became an aide-
mémoire to a time they could no longer return to. In those moments, the
photograph became a cruel reminder of possibilities that were lost, and
the people before me looked like a faded copy of their former selves
violently dragged into a nightmare.
Ali managed a smile and offered to make tea. Jamshed started a
fire, in the open stove on the right side of the courtyard, to boil water.
We sat in silence for a while.
Ali requested that we go inside his house. ‘I don’t like the light
anymore,’ he told us. The water boiled with the loose tea leaves, sugar
and milk that Jamshed had carried with him.
‘What do I tell her?’ Ali asked, looking to Jamshed as we sat inside
his house in darkness. We finished the tea with the too-sweet rose water-
flavoured biscuits as Ali recounted the first time they ate these cookies
as boys.
I had got used to the dark, and I thought I saw a faint outline of a
smile on Ali for the first time. Jamshed spoke, holding his friend’s hands
lovingly with care. Ali mostly nodded, and sometimes managed a smile,
only interrupting when he thought Jamshed had some detail wrong.
The pair told me stories from their childhood: swimming in the
nearby pond, catching fish and making the first trip as young men to the
nearby town to see movies.
‘In the middle of the pond runs the zero point,’ Jamshed told me.
The ‘zero point’ is where Bangladesh and India meet, the official
demarcation between the two countries. But this border is peculiar in
that the zero point differs from where the actual border fence stands.
In 1959, a military subcommittee of Indian and Pakistani delegates
agreed that, once the boundary was demarcated, neither side would
‘have any permanent or temporary border security forces or any other
armed personnel within 150 yards’
2
from the boundary line established
by Cyril Radcliffe in the Partition twelve years earlier. The agreement
between the Government of India and Pakistan was referred to as the
1959 Ground Rules, and listed a series of procedures to end the disputes
and incidents along the Indo-East Pakistan Border Area.
The Radcliffe Line cut through villages, markets, rivers, farms and
even houses. The border turned neighbours into citizens of different
countries—India and Pakistan—in 1947. After the Liberation War of
1971, East Pakistan became Bangladesh, and these rules were confirmed
again in the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and
Bangladesh.
In 2007, India began the construction of a border fence 150 yards
from the zero point, which left substantial areas of Indian farmland,
villages and families living close to the border outside of the fence.
According to some estimates, 890 families are still living outside the
border fencing and 200 of these are in Barak Valley, all waiting for the
monetary compensation and rehabilitation package the government had
promised them.
Bangladesh objected to the construction of the fences within 150
yards from the international border, alleging that the fencing and border
roads violated the guidelines of the Ground Rules. Bangladesh has
neither border fences nor border roads.
Officially, the land between the zero point and the border fence is
Indian territory. But the construction of the fence created a no man’s land
within the national territory.
Ali was trapped in this no man’s land.
The farmlands and houses caught in this purgatory can be accessed
only through gates built along the border fence. Every time a person
crosses these gates, they need to present their identity card. An estimated
150 million people live in 111 border districts along India’s land border
and many don’t have any form of ID card, and often face harassment on
account of not being able to prove their identity. In this part of the world,
living in a country does not necessarily entail possessing documents that
confirm it.
Ali got married in 2004. When he turned twenty-one, his mother
arranged for him to marry K., a girl of sixteen, from across the border in
Bangladesh. Ali first met his wife on the day of their marriage, and
Jamshed had hired a photographer to document the ceremony. For a
small wedding, it was a grand affair.
‘I brought him a green suit, he looked like a cinema hero,’ added
Jamshed, still holding Ali’s hand.
Cross-border marriages are common, and women from both sides
relocate to get married. Ali told me that when K. made the trip with her
family to be married, she had never encountered the border or its guards.
‘I don’t think she knew that she was crossing “illegally” to be married.’
The marriage was organised through a network of brokers in
Bangladesh. A large number of women from Bangladesh have crossed
into India since the early 1980s as brides, living in villages across the
border, or taken to states as far away as Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and
Gujarat. K.’s sister had travelled the breadth of the subcontinent—from a
small village in Bangladesh to India’s westernmost state of Gujarat,
which shares a border with Pakistan—to be married. The villages around
the border of Kutch, in Gujarat, have a substantial Muslim population,
and migrant Bangladeshi brides have settled there.
When you live so close to it, it is hard to understand what a border
really is. ‘We used to cross the border all the time before. I remember my
mother and I wading through shallow waters during low tide to reach the
other side,’ Jamshed said, pointing in the direction of Bangladesh. ‘No
one here thought travelling to see our family was “illegal”. I never
thought I was crossing an international border; I was going to see my
aunt.’
K. hadn’t realised that by crossing to get married, she had become
undocumented. By becoming someone’s ‘wife’, she had lost her country.
It is an odd thing to understand, harder to come to terms with. One of the
only documents Ali ever saw of K.’s was a paper from her middle school
that said she had passed grade seven. Another was the photograph of her
entire family—all seventeen of them—grandparents, uncles, aunts,
cousins, nieces and nephews, with all their names meticulously written
down on the back. K. was twelve when the image was taken at her
sister’s wedding. Her name was spelt differently in each of these
identifying documents, the only two she had: one with an e instead of an
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |