In these protests, the monks were regularly beaten and injured by the
local police.
Those who witnessed the 1962 war and suffered its aftermath have
not forgotten the Indian Army’s humiliating defeat at the hands of the
Chinese. By the time the Chinese marched into the Sangti valley, nine
miles outside Dirang, on the Bomdila–Tawang highway in the West
Kameng district, the Indian Army was long gone. A seventy-eight-year-
old monk recalled seeing the decaying bodies of many Indian soldiers on
the slopes of Dirang.
In his words, ‘You can raise
Indian flags and call us
Indian. But people do not forget that the Indian Army deserted us. [The]
Chinese occupied parts of this land and [these] people. We lived under
occupation.’ The occupation lasted for a month, and was somewhat
benevolent, with the Chinese throwing lavish feasts with dancers and
entertainers. But those who survived have not
stopped feeling abandoned
by India.
Of course, the word occupation is never used in official Indian
descriptions of the story. Today, the narratives of what really transpired
during the 1962 war continue to conflict. In India, the 1962 war is
regarded as an ‘unprovoked surprise attack by an expansionist China’.
18
In response, China has maintained that the 1962 war was a response to
perceived Indian aggression.
19
Given China’s continued occupation of Tibet, and India’s inability
to fortify the border infrastructure—leaving ill-equipped soldiers and a
lack of decent roads, hospitals and schools even after all these years—
many in Tawang believe that China will attack
again and fear that history
will
repeat itself, only more violently.
Before I left Tawang, I made a trip to Bumla Pass, located about
twenty-three miles from Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh at the India–
China border, a full 15,200 feet above sea level. The People’s Liberation
Army (PLA) of China invaded through Bumla during the 1962 war. To
visit, Indian citizens require special permission from the army.
As I entered Bumla, the breathtaking sight of the Himalayan
frontier—and a small board that says, ‘no civilian beyond this point’—
greeted me. The pass had been recently opened from the Indian side and
made into a tourist destination, but I saw few tourists around, except
families of soldiers on holiday, being driven back and forth to the base.
Next to the actual border stood a small peace memorial where people
could leave pebbles by the flags with Tibetan prayers.
At the post, I met a young officer from the Indian Army’s relatively
new Naga Regiment. It drizzled a little that day, and he showed me
around the pass with an umbrella in hand. We spoke about the
insurgency in his home of Nagaland, at the Myanmar border, which, like
much of India’s borderlands, has a fraught relationship with central
India.
Calls for Naga nationalism still ring strong among certain groups of
people, so upon meeting this soldier I was curious about his experience
working for the Indian military when many people in his homeland
consider India an ‘occupying force’. Recruiting men from one troubled,
rebellious region to police another has a long colonial history that the
Indian state continues to employ.
In the course of the conversation, the officer made regular
references to Brigadier John Dalvi’s memoir
Himalayan Blunder. Dalvi
was an Indian Army officer during the Sino-Indian War of 1962 who
commanded the Indian Seventh Brigade in NEFA before he was taken as
a Chinese prisoner of war on 22 October 1962, and held in a prisoner of
war camp in Tibet for nearly seven months.
Dalvi’s book has never been studied academically. India’s foreign
policy establishment continues to ignore it. Yet, the book became the
basis of our lengthy conversation about the officer’s experience of
growing up in the heart of Naga insurgency, only to be recruited to fight
‘unruly’ tribes in other states in the name of India’s counter-insurgency
practices.
When I first spoke to him, I wondered if the young officer’s
constant return to Dalvi’s book was a way to steer the conversation
elsewhere. But when I returned to the transcripts from our discussion, I
realised how closely he quoted John Dalvi. Perhaps what connected
these two men across years, race, class, privilege and training was the
meditation on the inherent absurdity of war and the recognition that most
of soldiering involved cynical subordination
to ideas that no longer made
sense.
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